“…In regions where groundwater contamination poses risks, subterranean walls or barriers are established to halt the sideways migration of radioactive elements [ 121 ]. These barriers, typically crafted from impermeable substances or reactive compounds that neutralize contaminants, are strategically positioned to capture and contain the flow of tainted groundwater [ 122 , 123 ]. Capping is another prevalent technique, which is especially pertinent for contaminated soils or waste disposal locales.…”