Analysis of Predictive Factors in the Assessment of Warm-Water Near-Drowning in Children

Pediatric Near Drowning: The Experience of King Khalid University Hospital

“…19 Despite efforts to develop scoring and classification systems and individual prognostic factors to predict the near-drowning bad outcomes, the unfortunate reality is that there is no consensus on them in the literature. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Published factors shown to correlate with bad neardrowning outcome include: submersion duration >10 minutes, normal or high water or patient temperature, delayed rescue at the scene, need for CPR in the emergency department, depth of coma (GCS <4), delayed neurological response to therapy, initial arterial pH <7.0, and initial blood sugar level >12 mmol/L. 21,24,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Our results showed a trend (not statistically significant) for bad near-drowning outcome with children >6 years of age.…”

Adult Basic Life Support

“…For the critical outcome of survival with favorable neurological outcome, we identified moderate-certainty evidence from 15 observational studies (downgraded for bias and indirectness, upgraded for dose response) including 2 746 drowning victims. 350 , 352 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 356 , 359a,359b , 371 , 372 , 373 , 374 , 375 , 376 , 377 All studies noted worse outcomes associated with submersion durations exceeding 5 minutes (RRs between 0.05 359 and 0.61. 355 The 943/1 075 patients (87.7%) who had outcome information available and were submerged for short durations had good outcomes compared with the 139/1 238 (11.2%) who had longer submersion durations.…”

“…350–350– 359a,359b Of the 8 pediatric studies, 6 found that young age, variably defined as less than 3, 4, 5, or 6 years, was not associated with favorable neurological outcome. 350 , 351 , 352 , 353 , 354 , 356 A single pediatric study including 166 children less than 15 years of age reported better outcomes in children age less than 5 years (RR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03–0.44). 355 Four studies considered drowning victims of all ages; 3 found no association between age and outcome.…”

Adult Basic Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations

“…350-359,359a Of the 8 pediatric studies, 6 found that young age, variably defined as less than 3, 4, 5, or 6 years, was not associated with favorable neurological outcome. [350][351][352][353][354]356 A single pediatric study including 166 children less than 15 years of age reported better outcomes in children age less than 5 years (RR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03-0.44). 355 Four studies considered drowning victims of all ages; 2 found no association between age and outcome.…”