Analysis ofMycobacterium tuberculosisGenotypes in Madrid and Identification of Two New Families Specific to Spain-Related Settings

Abstract

In Spain, tuberculosis (TB) patterns are changing because of the recent increase in the number of cases among immigrants. To establish the composition of circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains before the effects of foreign strains appear, this study focused on molecular characterization of 233 patient isolates using spoligotyping. The spoligotyping data were further analyzed using an international database, SpolDB4. The results obtained showed that the general features of the M. tuberculosis population in Spain are coherent with those of other European countries, with the Latin American and Mediterranean group, and with the Haarlem 3 and T1 families as the most prevalent genotypes. The Spanish isolates clustered mostly with genotypes which had previously been isolated in countries linked with Spain. We also describe and fully characterize two novel M. tuberculosis families, Madrid1 and Madrid2, which are specific to Spain-related settings. The data reported here provide a solid reference when monitoring changes in the composition of the M. tuberculosis population in Spain as a consequence of the increasing rate of TB in the foreign population.The potential role of international social movements in modifying the patterns and transmission dynamics of tuberculosis (TB) has been studied in different countries (2,8,12). In Spain, the increase in the number of immigrants is still a recent phenomenon, which has become marked only in the last few years (10). Therefore, we thought it could be useful to obtain a baseline reference for the clonal composition of the circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Madrid to assess the genetic structure of the global TB bacillus population in Madrid at a time when the effects of immigration were still quite moderate.Traditionally, tuberculosis transmission could be understood only through contact tracing, using the classical methods of conventional epidemiology and the "stone-in-the-pond" principle (26). The advent of molecular epidemiology has shed light on the recent transmission rates of tuberculosis in the community, with the finding of higher transmission rates than suspected (25). The definition of "clusters," groups of strains showing identical genetic characteristics, and their application to the assessment of recent tuberculosis transmission dynamics are the subjects of intense research. Furthermore, clusters are now widely accepted as representing phylogenetically significant information on the population structure of tubercle bacilli (and on their history) in a given setting (5). Indeed, the prevalences of different clones of M. tuberculosis vary from one region to another, leading to the interest in analyzing the worldwide population structure of tubercle bacilli (18).The creation of international databases has revealed the clonal structure of M. tuberculosis populations in different geographic settings and has also defined superfamilies that are specific to certain countries (4, 14, 15). In this regard, the existence of an international database on spol...

Contribution of spoligotyping to the characterization of the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Portugal

“…Also, the organization of an international spoligotype database has made it possible to have a global view of the geographical distribution of genotypes (Sola et al, 2001;Filliol et al, 2002Filliol et al, , 2003. A larger number of studies on M. tuberculosis population structure have permitted distinction between spoligotype families of high global distribution, such as the Beijing/W genotype, as compared to those with regional specificity Douglas et al, 2003;Niobe-Eyangoh et al, 2004;Garcia de Viedma et al, 2005;McHugh et al, 2005;Brudey et al, 2006).…”

Genetical variety of mycobacterium tuberculosis and their epidemiological and clinical meaning

“…Наиболее часто встречающимся генетическим профилям стали давать условные названия, такие как Beijing, LA-M, Harlem, N, Madrid, T1, Ural и другие [5,6].…”

“…Широкое распространение генотипа Beijing выявлено на территории Китая (до 95 %), странах Юго-Восточ-ной Азии и Карибского бассейна, в Южной Африке и США, а также в странах бывшего Советского Союза (30-60 %) [13]. В таких странах как Венгрия, Герма-ния, Франция, Испания, Африка и другие исследова-тели отмечают увеличение удельного веса генотипа Beijing в сравнении с предыдущими годами [14]. Ге-нотип так же чаще обнаруживается среди лиц из мест лишения свободы, бомжей, ВИЧ-инфицированных и др.…”

“…[18]. Darío García de Viedma и соав-торы обнаружили новые изоляты на территории Ис-пании, они с помощью солиготипирования исследо-вали изоляты от пациентов, которые находились на лечении в Мадриде в 2001 -2002 годах [6]. Показа-но, что основная часть штаммов МБТ, которые цир-кулируют на территории Испании характерны и для других европейских стран.…”

“…Превалировали штаммы группы LA-M, Harlem и семейства T1. Было получе-но несколько сполиготипов, характерных лишь для Испании, со временем условно названных Madrid1 и Madrid2, по 12 основным локусам MIRU-VNTR первый имеет профиль 224326143323, а второй име-ет некоторые вариации [6].…”