Analysis of Ginsenoside Content (Panax ginseng) from Different Regions

Abstract

Recently Panax ginseng has been grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of the study is to compare the average content of ginsenosides from NZ-grown ginseng and its original native locations (China and Korea) grown ginseng. Ten batches of NZ-grown ginseng were extracted using 70% methanol and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The average content of ginsenosides from China and Korea grown ginseng were obtained by collecting data from 30 and 17 publications featuring China and Korea grown ginseng, respectively. The average content of total ginsenosides in NZ-grown ginseng was 40.06 ± 3.21 mg/g (n = 14), which showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentration than that of China grown ginseng (16.48 ± 1.24 mg/g, n = 113) and Korea grown ginseng (21.05 ± 1.57 mg/g, n = 106). For the individual ginsenosides, except for the ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, and Rd, ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, and Rg1 from NZ-grown ginseng were 2.22, 2.91, 1.65, and 1.27 times higher than that of ginseng grown in China, respectively. Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 in NZ-grown ginseng were also 2.14 and 1.63 times higher than ginseng grown in Korea. From the accumulation of ginsenosides, New Zealand volcanic pumice soil may be more suitable for ginseng growth than its place of origin.

Comparison of Ginsenoside Components of Various Tissues of New Zealand Forest-Grown Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolium L.)

“…An Agilent 1290 liquid chromatograph (Agilent, Lexington, MA, USA) equipped with an online degasser, a quaternary pump, an auto-sampler, a heated column compartment, a UV detector, and an Agilent 6530 Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (Agilent, Lexington, MA, USA) equipped with an electrospray ionization source were used for LC-MS 2 analysis. The instrument setting was consistent with our previous reports [13,14]. A double end-capped Zorbax Extend-C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) column (Agilent, Lexington, MA, USA) was used to separate compounds from the ginseng extract.…”

“…Ginsenosides were ultrasonically extracted three times from each part of the Asian ginseng and American ginseng using a Q700 sonicator (Qsonica, Melville, NY, USA) according to our previous methods [13,14]. Briefly, the fine root, rhizome, main root, stem, and leaf were separately extracted by 70% (v/v) aqueous MeOH at 20 kHz for 10 min at no more than 40 ℃.…”

“…These factors may affect the accumulation and distribution of ginsenosides in ginseng plants. Our previous study found that the average content of total ginsenosides from New Zealand-grown Panax ginseng is significantly higher than that of ginseng grown in China or Korea [13]. In this study, we used LC-MS 2 technology to analyze the ginsenoside components of various parts from New Zealand-grown Asian ginseng (NZPG) and New Zealand-grown American ginseng (NZPQ).…”

Characterization and Antioxidant Activity Determination of Neutral and Acidic Polysaccharides from Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer

“…Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is a perennial herb that belongs to the Araliaceae family and is cultivated in Korea, China, and Japan [3][4][5]. In traditional medicine, the plant extracts from P. ginseng have been used as tonics for the treatment of ischemic heart disease, common cold, obstructive pulmonary disease, and erectile dysfunction [6][7][8][9].…”

Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies

“…Among ginsenosides isolated from ginseng plants to date, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1 typically constitute more than 90% of the total ginsenosides and are usually regarded as the major ginsenosides [ 23 ]. The distribution of these major ginsenosides varies significantly due to environmental effects, including soil fertility, temperature, light, and humidity [ 24 ]. Therefore, accurate determinations of the type and amount of ginsenosides in different Panax species are not only important for the pharmacological evaluation of various ginsengs, but also when assessing the quality of ginseng cultivated in different countries.…”