Analysis of electromagnetic signature of Arabic alphabet as RF elementary coding particles

Abstract

This paper discusses the electromagnetic (EM) signature of Arabic alphabets that can be considered as standards particles to form chipless tags. Normalized Arial font is suited as example but the method can be applied for any other font. The letters are realized by metallic strips or better, by conductive ink. All the 28 letters have been simulated and their EM signatures for both field polarizations are extracted. It is demonstrated that combining vertical and horizontal responses allow the identification of letters without ambiguity. Moreover, the case of letter with punctuation (one to three points) is considered in more details. Indeed, we propose to modify very slightly these letters by connecting the points to the body of the letters. This connection is made by a unique straight and very thin strip. Under this modification these letters exhibit more exploitable signatures. Finally, a lookup table for identification of the 28 letters is carried out.

Robust Detection for Chipless RFID Tags Based on Compact Printable Alphabets

“…Chipless tags for a radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has drawn considerable recent attention, owing to its associated advantages of low cost as well as small size, in comparison to the traditional chipped RFID tags printed on silicon chips [1,2,3,4]. It is anticipated that chipless-RFID tags would also replace the barcodes in the near future, since they offer the additional advantages of no-line-of-sight requirement, enhanced encoding characteristics and reduced manufacturing cost, as compared to the barcode-based designs [5].…”

“…It is anticipated that chipless-RFID tags would also replace the barcodes in the near future, since they offer the additional advantages of no-line-of-sight requirement, enhanced encoding characteristics and reduced manufacturing cost, as compared to the barcode-based designs [5]. Low-cost printing advantage, offered by the chipless RFIDs, makes them a powerful candidate for numerous smart applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) [2,5], medical diagnosis [6], classified document security [1,7], low-cost shipment tracking and warehouse inventory control [4,7,8,9].…”

“…Chipless RFID tags fall into three main categories: (i) tags based on the time domain-reflectrometery (TDR) method [10,11]; (ii) tags utilizing the frequency domain that depend on the signature resonance properties of the reflected signals from the tag-IDs in the frequency domain [1,2,3,12,13,14]; (iii) tags based on hybrid approaches [15,16,17].…”

“…Frequency domain tags based on resonant structures, offer the advantages of simplicity of design of both the tag and the reader structure, as well as higher coding density [1,2,3,4,7,8,13,14,19,20], as compared to their counterparts [1,8,10,11]. The data encoding procedure of a frequency domain tag is based on the encoding of its signature resonance state, namely peaks and valleys of the magnitude of the backscattered signal magnitude [8,13], phase [7,8,13,19] and/or the characteristics of its radar cross-section (RCS) [1,16,21], associated with the metallic geometry of the resonant tag-ID.…”

“…Recently, the use of ‘text’ as a resonator has gained interest for smart IoT applications, document security, and other RFID applications [1,2,14,21,25,26,27]. Besides fulfilling the demands of hi-tech innovative advertisements, this approach has the advantages that the printed name of the product, company name or logo, and document identification (ID), etc., can be used as RFID tags [1,25,26], without having to separately install relatively costly, and complex resonant structures as proposed previously [4,6,7,8,9,12,13,19,22,24].…”