Analysis and design of ultra-wideband PRGW hybrid coupler using PEC/PMC waveguide model

Abstract

In this paper, a new method to facilitate the design of Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide (PRGW) structures is introduced. One of the main difficulties in designing such structures is related to their simulation process which is really time and energy-consuming. Therefore, a suitable boundary condition is considered to bring about the primary structure without involving the bed of nails or mushroom unit cells. Using this technique, a wideband PRGW 3 dB hybrid double-box coupler is designed to serve in mm-wave frequencies at a center frequency of 30 GHz, which can be deployed for the next generation of mobile communication. The designed coupler provides a wide matching and isolation bandwidth with low output amplitude imbalance, which is unique in comparison with current couplers. The prototype of the proposed coupler is fabricated and measured where the simulation and measurement results show a good agreement indicating the strength of the proposed method in PRGW structure design as well. The measured results show the couplers achieve better than 10-dB return loss and isolation over the frequency range from 25 to 40 GHz (46% BW) with the power-split unbalance and phase error within ± 1 dB and ± 5°, respectively. In addition, square mushrooms are chosen here to satisfy the high impedance surface. Not only do they bring about larger stop bandwidth, but also their configuration facilitates the arrangement of them around the coupler. The proposed design has superb characteristics such as low profile, low loss, and easy integration with microwave circuits and systems that can be suitable for designing mm-wave beamforming networks.

How to Evaluate Green Development Policy Based on the PMC Index Model: Evidence from China

“…The binary assignment method is adopted to assign secondary indicators of green development policies. If the content of the policy meets the evaluation criteria of secondary indicators, the value of the secondary indicator is assigned as 1; otherwise, it is 0 [25]. For example, the formulation content of policy P 1 has supervision characteristics, so the value of X 1.1 in policy P 1 is assigned as 1.…”

Design of a Microwave Quadrature Hybrid Coupler with Harmonic Suppression Using Artificial Neural Networks

“…Te similar techniques have been considered in the couplers to achieve higher performance in the terms of harmonic suppression and wide rejection band. Te EBG and DGS techniques are also used to design couplers and power dividers [18,19]. Te EBG squared units are presented in [18] to design a wide band QHC operating at mm wave applications.…”

“…Te EBG and DGS techniques are also used to design couplers and power dividers [18,19]. Te EBG squared units are presented in [18] to design a wide band QHC operating at mm wave applications. Wide isolation and matching band is obtained in [18] with the presented unit cells.…”

“…Te EBG squared units are presented in [18] to design a wide band QHC operating at mm wave applications. Wide isolation and matching band is obtained in [18] with the presented unit cells. A planar coupler is presented in [20] using E-shape impedance transformer for dual-band functionality.…”

Broadband Three-Section Branch-Line Coupler Realized by Ridge Gap Waveguide Technology From 12 to 20 GHz

“…A 3 dB quadrature hybrid coupler has been designed and implemented based on PRGW with a central frequency of 30 GHz and a bandwidth of 6% [8]. Using the technique of increasing the number of sections by introducing a specific boundary condition has led to the design and fabrication of a wideband dual box hybrid coupler with a bandwidth of 46% at the central frequency of 30 GHz based on PRGW [26]. In addition, an ultra-wideband fourlayer compact directional coupler for 5G applications in the central frequency of 30 GHz has been designed, assembled, and tested [28].…”