Analysis and classification of heart sounds with mechanical prosthetic heart valves based on Hilbert-Huang transform

Heart Sound Anomaly and Quality Detection using Ensemble of Neural Networks without Segmentation

“…to address these shortcomings in a cost-effective diagnostic tests in ambulatory monitoring, several techniques [2][3][4][5] have been proposed for automatic analysis of heart sounds.…”

“…Several studies have been conducted to PCG segmentation using different envelope extraction methods such as Shannon energy [2], Shannon entropy [3], HilbertHuang transform [4], and autocorrelation [5]. The envelope of signal attenuates the noise and amplifies the low-intensity components of the signal.…”

Diagnosis of prosthetic heart valve using locality preserving kernel fisher discriminant analysis and local discriminant bases

“…For patients with mitral and aortic valve replaced by mechanical artificial valves, Altunkaya et al [10] made a detail spectral feature comparison between S1 and S2 components. More recently, in order to classify different mechanical prosthetic heart valve sounds, Di Zhang et al [11,12] proposed a new LDB-based feature extraction method in [11] and a HHT-based feature extraction method in [12], respectively. However, their methods [11,12] were developed based on the condition that samples lie in a linear separable space, which is usually not true in most actual applications.…”

“…More recently, in order to classify different mechanical prosthetic heart valve sounds, Di Zhang et al [11,12] proposed a new LDB-based feature extraction method in [11] and a HHT-based feature extraction method in [12], respectively. However, their methods [11,12] were developed based on the condition that samples lie in a linear separable space, which is usually not true in most actual applications. Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis (KDA) is a widely used nonlinear feature extraction technique because of its ability to extract the most discriminatory nonlinear features.…”

“…As in [11,12], total 5 different kinds of mechanical prosthetic heart valves sounds are studied in this paper, including valve stenosis & perivalvular leakage (VSPL), normal (NOR), valve obstruction (VO), perivalvular leakage (PL), and valve stenosis (VS). We totally collect 61 abnormal sounds and 210 normal sounds (18 people have PL, 10 people have VO, 21 people have VS, 12 people have VSPL).…”