“…This uncontrolled shift is evident in contemporary urban areas, where rapid population growth has resulted in nearly half of the total population living in cities ( However, this extension has brought adverse environmental consequences, such as increased levels of air and soil pollution, the decline and fragmentation of green spaces, and the emergence of urban heat islands (UHI) (Grimm et al, 2008;Bai et al, 2017;Calfapietra and Cherubini, 2019). UHI, characterized by signi cantly elevated temperatures within urban areas compared to their rural surroundings, result from the absorption and retention of heat by urban infrastructure, a phenomenon intensi ed by human activities (Oke, 1982;Jones et al, 2008;Stewart, 2011; Oke, 2017; Ge et al, 2020; Lopes et al, 2022). The prevalence of UHI is currently increasingly heightened in lockstep with the global temperature increase caused by climate change with the occurrence of successive and intense heat waves as its striking manifestation (Coumou & Robinson, 2013;Oliveira et al, 2022).…”