An Update on the Epidemiology and Pathology of African Swine Fever

Sánchez-Vizcaíno, José Manuel; Mur, Lina; Gómez-Villamandos, J.C.; Carrasco, L.

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.09.003

Cited by 337 publications

(413 citation statements)

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“…It has a major negative effect on national, regional, and international trade and constrains pig production in affected areas. The devastating acute form of the disease is characterized, among other features, by functional and congestive-hemorrhagic disorders of the digestive and respiratory systems and causes around 100% mortality in infected pigs (1). Both European wild boars (Sus scrofa) and feral pigs are susceptible and exhibit clinical signs and mortality rates similar to those of domestic pigs.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…ASF diagnosis requires the identification of animals that are or were previously infected with ASFV (1,19). Thus, an appropriate diagnosis involves the detection and identification of ASFV-specific antigens or DNA and antibodies (33)(34)(35).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, ASF diagnosis is complex due to the wide range of clinical forms and the similarity of its symptoms to those of other viral infections, such as classical swine fever (CSF) (1). The current epidemic situation of ASF in the EU has created a need to review the sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostic tests and their ability to diagnose ASF in both domestic and wild Suidae in affected areas.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Assessment of African Swine Fever Diagnostic Techniques as a Response to the Epidemic Outbreaks in Eastern European Union Countries: How To Improve Surveillance and Control Programs

et al. 2015

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A frican swine fever (ASF) is a complex and lethal viral disease affecting swine and has a significant socioeconomic impact on both the developed and developing world. It has a major negative effect on national, regional, and international trade and constrains pig production in affected areas. The devastating acute form of the disease is characterized, among other features, by functional and congestive-hemorrhagic disorders of the digestive and respiratory systems and causes around 100% mortality in infected pigs (1). Both European wild boars (Sus scrofa) and feral pigs are susceptible and exhibit clinical signs and mortality rates similar to those of domestic pigs. In contrast, African wild pigs (Phacochoerus and Potamochoerus spp.) are resistant to the disease (2-10).The causative agent of the disease, the ASF virus (ASFV), is a large double-stranded DNA virus and the only member of the Asfarviridae family, genus Asfivirus (11, 12). The virus genome is 170 to 192 kb long (13-17). ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where it was first described in 1921 (18). Several outbreaks have occurred since then in Europe and South and Central America. In most non-African countries, the disease has been successfully eradicated, the only exception being Sardinia (Italy), where the disease is still endemic (19,20). In April 2007, the disease spread from East Africa to the Republic of Georgia (21), and outbreaks occurred in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Russian Federation (22). The ongoing spread of ASFV into adjacent eastern European countries, such as Ukraine (23,24) and Belarus (25), and the situation in Russia affecting both wild boars and domestic pigs placed neighboring areas in the European Union (EU) at risk for the spread of ASFV. The first cases of ASF in wild boars in Lithuania and Poland were reported in early 2014 in areas bordering . According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), during 2014, nearly 260 ASF cases or outbreaks in wild boars and domestic pigs were detected in EU countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Poland). This situation, combined with the uncertainty present in Belarus, has created a permanent risk of reintroducing ASF into the EU via wild boars or the illegal trade of contaminated pork products and waste (31).No vaccine is available to prevent ASF infection. The control and eradication measures applicable are based on classical disease control methods, including surveillance, epidemiological investigation, tracing of pigs, and stamping out in infected holdings. Citation Gallardo C, Nieto R, Soler A, Pelayo V, Fernández-Pinero J, MarkowskaDaniel I, Pridotkas G, Nurmoja I, Granta R, Simón A, Pérez C, Martín E, Fernández-Pacheco P, Arias M. 2015. Assessment of African swine fever diagnostic techniques as a response to the epidemic outbreaks in eastern European Union countries: how to improve surveillance and control programs.

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Assessment of African Swine Fever Diagnostic Techniques as a Response to the Epidemic Outbreaks in Eastern European Union Countries: How To Improve Surveillance and Control Programs

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“…ASF is characterized by fever, hemorrhagic diathesis and necro-degenerative changes in parenchymal organs [2][3][4][5]. The causative agent of ASF is a DNA-containing virus of Asfarviridae family [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of an Elisa Kit for Detection of Antibodies Against Asf Virus in Blood or Spleen of Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars

Strizhakova¹,

Lyska²,

Malogolovkin³

et al. 2016

S-h. biol.

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A b s t r a c tThe causal agent of African swine fever (ASF) is a DNA virus belonging to Asfaviridae family which affects both wild boar Sus scrofa and domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica. Special features of the course of (ASF and its forms should be considered for the effective use of various ASF diagnostic methods aimed at the pathogen or specific antibody identification. ASF diagnosis in the wild boar is of special importance. The wild boar susceptibility to ASF virus is well known, and the disease has been repeatedly reproduced in experiments and detected in European wild boars in natural conditions. It is not unfrequently that when shooting wild boars, only organ samples are delivered to laboratories, so we decided to estimate the diagnostic value of the antibodies detected in tissues and evaluate an earlier developed test system for its efficacy when used for the assay. This report represents the results of validation of an indirect ELISA (a commercial kit «VNIIVViM ASF-ELISA Ab/Ag») ASF virus specific antibody detection in blood serum and spleen tissue extracts. For comparison, an indirect immunofluorescence assay (indirect IFA) was used. To estimate the obtained results, ROC analysis was applied. Examination of positive (n = 66) and negative (n = 410) porcine blood serum samples using indirect ELISA showed high sensitivity and specificity of the method with reference to IFA. Among the 476 serum samples examined in indirect ELISA, only 8 sera (1.6 %) were within the positive/negative cutoff area. The highest sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (99.27 %) for indirect ELISA when examining both domestic pig and wild boar blood sera were determined at a cutoff value of 0.264. The samples of spleen extracts to be used for the study were collected from clinically healthy wild boars in ASF-affected Smolensk region in 2013 to 2014. In view of an acute form of the disease, we can suspect that the animals exhibiting positive reaction were in a latency period of the pathogeny. When examining the positive (n = 59) and negative (n = 678) spleen extracts, we also determined high sensitivity and specificity levels of indirect ELISA with reference to indirect IFA. Among the samples examined (n = 737), 10 (1.3 %) samples of spleen extracts were within the positive/negative cutoff area. The highest sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (98.82 %) were observed at a cutoff value of 0.284. Thus, we confirmed the assay to be effective for porcine blood sera with 100 % sensitivity (94.6 to 100 %) and 99.27 % specificity (97.90 to 99.80 %) and for spleen extracts with 100 % sensitivity (93.90 to 100 %) and 98.82 % specificity (97.70 to 99.50 %).

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“…In acute, the most common form of infection, 100 % of animals die within 5-10 days after onset of clinical signs. The disease affects wild boars and domestic pigs, is transmitted from sick animals and virus carriers through direct contact, alimentary and transplacentally [1]. In the South Eastern Africa, the evolution of ASF virus occurs within the sylvatic cycle, which includes warthogs and ticks of the genus Ornitodoros [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of Recombinant Genes Encoding Fragments of the Protective Important Proteins of African Swine Fever Virus in Eucaryotic Cells

Imatdinov¹,

Sereda²,

Imatdinov³

et al. 2016

S-h. biol.

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, 2015). In view to develop a DNA vaccine against ASFV seroimmunotype 3 we have constructed a set of hybrid plasmids containing fragments of ASFV genes CP204L, E183L and EP402R from attenuated strain MK-200 (pCI-neo/ASFV/p30, pCI-neo/ASFV/p54 and pCI-neo/ASFV/CD2v). To study expression of the antigenically active polypeptide products for recombinant proteins rp30, rp54 and rCD2v in the eukaryotic cells, we transfected human embryonic kidney cells HEK293T, which stably express the SV40 large T antigen, with recombinant plasmids pCI-neo/ASFV/p30, pCI-neo/ASFV/p54 and pCI-neo/ASFV/CD2v. By immunoblotting, the polypeptides of the expressed recombinant proteins were identified in the HEK293T cell lysates and characterized for their molecular weights. Regarding size, some antigenically active recombinant polypeptides were as calculated, whereas the other ones apparently resulted from post translational modification. We identified a 21.6 kDa polypeptide after pCI-neo/ASFV/p30 transfection, a major (20.9 kDa) and a minor (36.3 kDa) polypeptides after pCIneo/ASFV/p54 transfection, and, finally, major polypeptides of 39.8 kDa and 63.1 kDa, together with minor polypeptides of 28.8 kDa and 104.7 kDa when pCI-neo/ASFV/CD2v transfected. These genetic constructions will be helpful to investigate antigenic, immunogenic and protective properties of ASFV recombinant proteins rp30, rp54 and rCD2v.

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An Update on the Epidemiology and Pathology of African Swine Fever

Cited by 337 publications

References 46 publications

Assessment of African Swine Fever Diagnostic Techniques as a Response to the Epidemic Outbreaks in Eastern European Union Countries: How To Improve Surveillance and Control Programs

Assessment of African Swine Fever Diagnostic Techniques as a Response to the Epidemic Outbreaks in Eastern European Union Countries: How To Improve Surveillance and Control Programs

Validation of an Elisa Kit for Detection of Antibodies Against Asf Virus in Blood or Spleen of Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars

Expression of Recombinant Genes Encoding Fragments of the Protective Important Proteins of African Swine Fever Virus in Eucaryotic Cells

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