An Overview on the Development and Progress of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment in Romania

Nicoară, Mircea; Strungaru, Ștefan-Adrian; Jitar, Oana; Moglan, I.; Plăvan, Gabriel

doi:10.30638/eemj.2019.038

Cited by 3 publications

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“…To demonstrate the importance of clean water in the 21st century, for mankind and nature, is almost a tautology due to mankind's awareness and the huge number of norms, regulations, and papers on this theme [1], but efforts are still needed to keep waters clean. Regulators all over the world have issued norms and standards for water quality, and in Europe they are grouped under the umbrella of Council Directive 91/271/EEC [2] with its multiple amendments; in Romania it is implemented by the new Law of the Environment [3], also with multiple amendments and subsequent norms for wastewater treatment [4,5], which include permitted concentrations when using wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) [6], as well as the disposal of the resulting sludge [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of N and P in a Rotating Biological Contactor Plant: Case Study Agnita, Romania

Gaspar

Munteanu²,

Sintea

2022

Water

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The wastewater treatment plant of Agnita, Romania was designed with a rotational biological contactor system for a population of approximately 9500, but for environmental protection reasons it must comply with regulations concerning nitrogen and phosphorus designed for larger communities. In order to achieve the prescribed limits for these pollutants, we have used a 40% FeCl3 solution, continuously added to the distributor, without changes in flow or equipment. Its use boosts the removal of ammonia nitrogen, and phosphorus, bringing them within the limits and with reasonable cost. To determine the ferric chloride to be used we considered, aside from the pollutant load, the water temperature, and introduced a new parameter: specific removal power that enabled us to optimize the volume of FeCl3. A major contribution to nitrogen removal was achieved by the denitrification bacteria favored by the presence of ferric ions, which also precipitate phosphorus. The results of this study, performed since September 2021, enable us to continue to use this method and enlarge its application to other plants owned by the local operator.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of N and P in a Rotating Biological Contactor Plant: Case Study Agnita, Romania

Gaspar

Munteanu²,

Sintea

2022

Water

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Precision in decision-making: a novel Z-number DEA approach for European country rankings

Eligüzel,

Aydoğan

2024

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PurposeConventional approaches such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (FDEA) cannot effectively account for uncertainty, which can lead to imprecise decision-making. Furthermore, these methods frequently rely on precise numbers, ignoring the inherent uncertainty of real-world data. To address this gap, the research question arises: How can we develop a methodology that combines Z-number theory and FDEA to provide a comprehensive assessment of residency preferences in European countries while accounting for uncertainty in information reliability? The proposed methodology aims to fill this gap by incorporating Z-number theory and FDEA.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed study assesses residency preferences across 39 European countries, focusing on key factors like environment, sustainability, technology, education, and development, which significantly influence individuals' residency choices. Unlike conventional DEA and FDEA approaches, the proposed method introduces a novel consideration: dependability. This inclusion aims to refine decision-making precision by accounting for uncertainties related to data reliability. The proposed methodology utilizes an interval approach, specifically employing the a-cut approach with interval values in the second step. Unlike using crisp values, this interval programming resolves formulations to determine the efficiencies of decision-making units (DMUs).FindingsThe comprehensive findings provide valuable insights into the distinctive factors of European nations, aiding informed decision-making for residency choices. Malta (75.6%-76.1%-75.8%), Austria (78.2%-78%-76.1%), and the United Kingdom (79.3%-78.4%-77%) stand out with distinct characteristics at levels of a = 0-a = 0.5-a = 1, assuming the independence of variables of the overall evaluation. Individual consideration of each factor reveals various countries as prominent contenders, except for the environmental factor, which remains consistent across countries.Originality/valueTraditional DEA models encounter challenges when dealing with uncertainties and inaccuracies, particularly in the evaluation of large systems. To overcome these limitations, we propose integrating Z-numbers—a powerful mathematical tool for modeling uncertainty—into the conventional DEA process. Our methodology not only assesses the effectiveness of countries across various socio-economic and environmental metrics but also explicitly addresses the inherent uncertainties associated with the data. By doing so, it aims to enhance the precision of decision-making and provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders.

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Sustainable Alternative Routes versus Linear Economy and Resources Degradation in Eastern Romania

Mihai

Minea

2021

Sustainability

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This paper reveals the linear economy contribution to resource degradation and environmental pollution in eastern Romania that could further feed environmental crimes and conflicts, such as in the Pungesti shale gas case. Preservation of material and water resources in the region is required through various circular mechanisms under a cross-sectoral approach including solid waste as a material resource for industry and agriculture; wastewater treatment and water reuse; composting and organic agriculture; and using renewables. Six non-conflictual sustainable alternative routes related to circular economy mechanisms, water preservation, and to the clean energy transition are proposed in this paper, which are further examined through key statistics and indicators, current best practices, and local development pathways in both urban and rural communities.

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An Overview on the Development and Progress of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment in Romania

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Removal of N and P in a Rotating Biological Contactor Plant: Case Study Agnita, Romania

Removal of N and P in a Rotating Biological Contactor Plant: Case Study Agnita, Romania

Precision in decision-making: a novel Z-number DEA approach for European country rankings

Sustainable Alternative Routes versus Linear Economy and Resources Degradation in Eastern Romania

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