An overview of the first 50 years of transglutaminase research

Beninati, Simone; Bergamini, Carlo M.; Piacentini, Mauro

doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0211-x

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…2.3.2.13), which has been discovered and studied in animals since many years (Folk 1980). Transglutaminases, present in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms are, with few exceptions, Ca 2+ -dependent; in animals they fulfil different enzymic functions as summarized in a book edited by Mehta and Eckert (2005) and reviewed (Griffin et al 2002;Lorand and Graham 2003;Beninati et al 2009;Gundemir et al 2012). While their activity level in growing animal cells is believed to be low, TGase gene expression, protein accumulation and/or protein activity are associated with animal cell death (Griffin and Verderio 2000;Lorand and Graham 2003).…”

Section: Polyamine Conjugation To Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Polyamines are common players in different facets of plant programmed cell death

et al. 2014

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Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that occurs throughout the life span of every plant life, from initial germination of the seed to the senescence of the plant. It is a normal physiological milestone during the plant's developmental process, but it can also be induced by external factors, including a variety of environmental stresses and as a response to pathogen infections. Changes in the morphology of the nucleus is one of the most noticeable during PCD but all the components of the plant cell (cytoplasm, cytoskeleton and organelles) are involved in this fascinating process. To date, relatively little is known about PCD in plants, but several factors, among which polyamines (PAs) and plant growth regulators, have been shown to play an important role in the initiation and regulation of the process. The role of PAs in plant PCD appears to be multifaceted acting in some instances as pro-survival molecules, whereas in others seem to be implicated in accelerating PCD. The molecular mechanism is still under study. Here we present some PCD plant models, focusing on the role of the enzyme responsible for PA conjugation to proteins: transglutaminase (TGase), an enzyme linked with the process of PCD also in some animal models. The role of PAs and plant TGase in the senescence and PCD in flowers, leaf and the self-incompatibility of pollen will be discussed and examined in depth.

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Section: Polyamine Conjugation To Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Polyamines are common players in different facets of plant programmed cell death

et al. 2014

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“…30,31 Besides these effects, CysN is also a relevant inhibitor of the TGs and in particular of TG2, the most-studied enzyme. TG2 is a demidating/transamidating pleiotropic enzyme, deeply involved in inflammatory processes 32 and central in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as celiac disease and IBD. 33,34 CysN inhibits TG2 by different mechanisms; in fact, it is a diamine acting not only as a amine substrate competing with natural, endogenous substrates (competitive inhibition) but also as an irreversible inhibitor.…”

Section: Cystamine Reduces Inflammation L Elli Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effects of treatment with transglutaminase inhibitor cystamine on the severity of inflammation in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease

Elli

Ciulla

Busca

et al. 2011

Laboratory Investigation

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a socially and clinically relevant disorder, characterized by intestinal chronic inflammation. Cystamine (CysN) is a multipotent molecule with healthy effects and, moreover, it is an inhibitor of transglutaminases (TGs), including the TG type 2 (TG2), an enzyme with pleiotropic functions, involved in different pathways of inflammation and central in the pathogenesis of some human disorders as the IBD. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of CysN in an IBD rat model. A total of 30 rats were divided into 4 groups: controls without treatment (CTR; n ¼ 7); receiving the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid enema (TNBS group; n ¼ 8); treated with TNBS enema plus oral CysN (TNBS-CysN group; n ¼ 8); treated with CysN (CysN group; n ¼ 7). After killing, bowel inflammation was evaluated applying specific scores. TG activity, TG2 and isopeptide bond immunohistochemical expression, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) were evaluated in the colonic tissue, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) serological levels (ELISA). TG2 was also evaluated on the luminal side of the colon by immunoautoradiography. Colonic samples from IBD patients were compared with animal results. TNBS-CysN group developed a less severe colitis compared with the TNBS group (macroscopic score 0.43 ± 0.78 vs 3.28 ± 0.95, microscopic score 6.62 ± 12.01 vs 19.25 ± 6.04, Po0.05, respectively) associated with a decrease of TG activity, TG2 and isopeptide bond immunohistochemical expression, TNF-a and IL-6 levels. No statistically significant differences were found between CysN and CTR groups. The colonic immunolocalization of TG2 was comparable in humans affected by IBD and TNBS-administered animals. This is the first demonstration that treatment with a CysN has an anti-inflammatory effect, reducing severity of colitis in a rat model. CysN could be tested as a possible treatment or co-treatment in IBD therapeutic trials.

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“…In a previous occasion, we celebrated the 50 years from transglutaminase discovery with the editorial "An overview of the first 50 years of transglutaminase research" (Beninati et al 2009). Following ideally from that point, we have now chosen as general theme for this issue the multiple roles played by type 2 transglutaminase as a multi-face protein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%