An overview of the detection of bovine respiratory disease complex pathogens using immunohistochemistry: emerging trends and opportunities

Abstract

The bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is caused by a variety of pathogens, as well as contributing environmental and host-related risk factors. BRDC is the costliest disease for feedlot cattle globally. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable tool for enhancing our understanding of BRDC given its specificity, sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and capacity to provide information on antigen localization and immune response. Emerging trends in IHC include the use of multiplex IHC for the detection of coinfections, the use of digital imaging and automation, improved detection systems using enhanced fluorescent dyes, and the integration of IHC with spatial transcriptomics. Overall, identifying biomarkers for early detection, utilizing high-throughput IHC for large-scale studies, developing standardized protocols and reagents, and integrating IHC with other technologies are some of the opportunities to enhance the accuracy and applicability of IHC. We summarize here the various techniques and protocols used in IHC and highlight their current and potential role in BRDC research.

Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Dominant Viral Players in Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex among Serbian Cattle

“…For example, even with yearly preventive vaccination, BRDC still imposes an estimated annual cost of approximately GBP 80 million on the UK economy [4]. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV3), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine adenovirus (BadV), and bovine coronavirus (BoCV) are recognized as the primary causes of respiratory illness in cattle [5]. Influenza D virus (IDV) was first identified in 2011 [6] and has since been confirmed in North America, Europe, East Asia, and Australia [7].…”