Search citation statements
Paper Sections
Citation Types
Year Published
Publication Types
Relationship
Authors
Journals
Armour placement and packing density directly affect construction costs and hydraulic performance of mound breakwaters. In this paper, the literature concerning the influence of armour porosity on the hydraulic stability of single-and double-layer armours is discussed.Qualitative and quantitative estimations for the influence of armour porosity and packing density on the hydraulic stability are given for the most common concrete armour units. The analysis focuses on specific 2D hydraulic stability tests of double-layer cube armours with different armour porosities and permeable core. The packing density showed a 1.2-power relationship with the stability number for cube units. The literature review and experimental results with small-scale breakwater models protected with a variety of armour units clearly indicate that a significant increase in armour porosity above the recommended values substantially decreases armour hydraulic stability. To avoid uncontrolled model effects, packing density should be routinely measured in small-scale tests, and armour placement techniques should be monitored at prototype scale. The actual packing density obtained in small-scale models and prototypes has to be explicitly reported, because packing density significantly affects hydraulic stability during service time. Key words:Breakwater, Heterogeneous Packing, Armour porosity, Packing density, Armour damage, Hydraulic stability, Armour unit, Cubic block. Highlights:(1) Armour porosity affects the hydraulic stability of armour layers. 1(2) Armour porosity or packing density is rarely included in armour stability formulae.(3) Packing density of randomly-placed double-layer cube armours is a relevant design factor affecting hydraulic stability and construction costs.(4) A significant 1.2-power relationship has been found between the stability number and packing density for double-layer cube armours.(5) The packing density of the armour layer has to be explicitly reported in small-scale tests and monitored at prototype scale.
Armour placement and packing density directly affect construction costs and hydraulic performance of mound breakwaters. In this paper, the literature concerning the influence of armour porosity on the hydraulic stability of single-and double-layer armours is discussed.Qualitative and quantitative estimations for the influence of armour porosity and packing density on the hydraulic stability are given for the most common concrete armour units. The analysis focuses on specific 2D hydraulic stability tests of double-layer cube armours with different armour porosities and permeable core. The packing density showed a 1.2-power relationship with the stability number for cube units. The literature review and experimental results with small-scale breakwater models protected with a variety of armour units clearly indicate that a significant increase in armour porosity above the recommended values substantially decreases armour hydraulic stability. To avoid uncontrolled model effects, packing density should be routinely measured in small-scale tests, and armour placement techniques should be monitored at prototype scale. The actual packing density obtained in small-scale models and prototypes has to be explicitly reported, because packing density significantly affects hydraulic stability during service time. Key words:Breakwater, Heterogeneous Packing, Armour porosity, Packing density, Armour damage, Hydraulic stability, Armour unit, Cubic block. Highlights:(1) Armour porosity affects the hydraulic stability of armour layers. 1(2) Armour porosity or packing density is rarely included in armour stability formulae.(3) Packing density of randomly-placed double-layer cube armours is a relevant design factor affecting hydraulic stability and construction costs.(4) A significant 1.2-power relationship has been found between the stability number and packing density for double-layer cube armours.(5) The packing density of the armour layer has to be explicitly reported in small-scale tests and monitored at prototype scale.
ResumenSe describe la evolución de las técnicas de diseño de los diques rompeolas y de algunos equipos y técnicas constructivas que los han impulsado. Se analiza sobre todo la influencia de las investigaciones teóricas y de laboratorio, desde los estudios y procedimientos pioneros de Iribarren hace 80 años hasta la construcción de diques protegidos con mantos monocapa de las últimas décadas y la optimización económica de las huellas energéticas y del carbono para una construcción sostenible. Se analiza el desarrollo de nuevos conceptos, la invención de nuevas formas geométricas para las unidades del manto, el gran impacto de las observaciones basadas en los ensayos físicos a escala reducida y la importancia de los condicionantes logísticos, métodos y técnicas de cada época para explicar la evolución en la manera de diseñar y construir grandes diques en talud a lo largo del tiempo.Palabras clave | Diques rompeolas; diques en talud; manto principal; espaldón; estabilidad hidráulica; rebase. ABsTRACT This paper describes the evolution of design techniques applied to mound breakwaters as well as some key tools, equipment and construction techniques. The influence of the theoretical and laboratory research is analyzed in detail, from the pioneering research by Iribarren eighty years ago to the construction of single-layer armored breakwaters in recent decades. The economic optimization and the new embodied energy and carbon concepts associated to the construction of mound breakwaters are studied. New concepts as well as the invention of new armor units are examined as is their impact based on the observations from small-scale physical experiments and the relevance of the equipment and logistic constraints to explain the evolution of the way mound breakwaters have been designed and built over time.Key words | Mound breakwaters; armor units; crown wall; hydraulic stability; overtopping. InTRODuCCIÓnDesde la antigüedad, la navegación marítima y fluvial propició el desarrollo del comercio y el intercambio cultural de los diversos pueblos. Fenicios, griegos y romanos establecieron redes de navegación apoyadas en puertos que actuaban como nodos de conexión del transporte, el comercio y la cultura entre diferentes pueblos. Para asentar los puertos en la antigüedad se utilizaban los abrigos naturales de la costa, las ensenadas y sobre todo, los ríos navegables. Aunque no se solían construir grandes obras de abrigo por su elevado coste, en algunos casos como el puerto de Alejandría o el de Ostia en la desembocadura del Tiber, se construyeron diques de escollera para crear zonas abrigadas artificiales (cerca de Roma en el caso de Ostia). Los diques se construían lanzando
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.