An Overview of Solid Supported Palladium and Nickel Catalysts for C-C Cross Coupling Reactions

Abstract

Solid supported catalysts have been of considerable interest in organic synthesis for last few years. Solid support provides an efficient heterogeneous catalytic system owing to facile recovery and extensive recycling by simple filtration because of possessing 3-R approach (Recoverable, Robust and Recyclable) and makes solid supported catalyst more appealing nowadays. In view of the high cost and shortage of furthermost used palladium catalyst, its recovery and recycling are vital issues for any large-scale application which are being overcome by using solid supported catalytic systems. Therefore, a variety of inorganic and organic solid-supported catalytic systems have been developed so far in order to address these challenges. This review attempts highlight a number of solid supported catalytic systems in the pro-active area of widely used C−C cross coupling reactions.

Nickel and Palladium Catalysis: Stronger Demand than Ever

“…The role of ligandless Ni(0) active species in nickel catalysis is still less studied. ,,,− Most often, the active role of ligandless nickel particles is mentioned for supported Ni NP catalysts − and for hydrogenation and reduction reactions performed in strongly reductive conditions . For most cross-coupling reactions and other Ni-catalyzed reactions involving aryl and alkyl halides or their surrogates (RX), the potential role of ligandless Ni(0) species and nanoparticles remains understudied.…”

Nickel–palladium bimetallic nanoparticles supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes; versatile catalyst for Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions

“…Therefore, nickel will be an ideal and affordable alternative source for the preparation of catalyst necessary for cross coupling reactions. [62][63][64][65][66] Nickel salts such as Ni(NO 3 ) 2 , Ni(OAc) 2 , and Ni(acac) 2 are less expensive and readily available, compare to the most palladium salts. The cost of nickel in its elemental form is much lower than palladium.…”

BNPs@SiO2(CH2)3 -TAPC-O-(CH2)2NH2-Pd (0) as a Nanocatalyst for the Coupling Reactions and Removing of Organic Dyes

“…One of the most effective and practical ways to overcome these problems is the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts and the use of solid substrates 7 . Also, nanotechnology enables synthesis of nanostructured-scale heterogeneous catalysts that have large active surfaces due to their small size and are easily recovered from the reaction medium that is very environmentally and economically desirable [9][10][11][12][13] . Furthermore, the use of electron rich ligands, bulky enough, environmentally friendly, inexpensive and easily available ligands in coordination chemistry is one of the attractive issues 14,15 .…”