An Overview of Biopolymeric Electrospun Nanofibers Based on Polysaccharides for Wound Healing Management

Abstract

Currently, despite the thoroughgoing scientific research carried out in the area of wound healing management, the treatment of skin injuries, regardless of etiology remains a big provocation for health care professionals. An optimal wound dressing should be nontoxic, non-adherent, non-allergenic, should also maintain a humid medium at the wound interfacing, and be easily removed without trauma. For the development of functional and bioactive dressings, they must meet different conditions such as: The ability to remove excess exudates, to allow gaseous interchange, to behave as a barrier to microbes and to external physical or chemical aggressions, and at the same time to have the capacity of promoting the process of healing by stimulating other intricate processes such as differentiation, cell adhesion, and proliferation. Over the past several years, various types of wound dressings including hydrogels, hydrocolloids, films, foams, sponges, and micro/nanofibers have been formulated, and among them, the electrospun nanofibrous mats received an increased interest from researchers due to the numerous advantages and their intrinsic properties. The drug-embedded nanofibers are the potential candidates for wound dressing application by virtue of: Superior surface area-to volume ratio, enormous porosity (can allow oxy-permeability) or reticular nano-porosity (can inhibit the microorganisms’adhesion), structural similitude to the skin extracellular matrix, and progressive electrospinning methodology, which promotes a prolonged drug release. The reason that we chose to review the formulation of electrospun nanofibers based on polysaccharides as dressings useful in wound healing was based on the ever-growing research in this field, research that highlighted many advantages of the nanofibrillary network, but also a marked versatility in terms of numerous active substances that can be incorporated for rapid and infection-free tissue regeneration. In this review, we have extensively discussed the recent advancements performed on electrospun nanofibers (eNFs) formulation methodology as wound dressings, and we focused as well on the entrapment of different active biomolecules that have been incorporated on polysaccharides-based nanofibers, highlighting those bioagents capable of improving the healing process. In addition, in vivo tests performed to support their increased efficacy were also listed, and the advantages of the polysaccharide nanofiber-based wound dressings compared to the traditional ones were emphasized.

RETRACTED: Metallic Ions Encapsulated in Electrospun Nanofiber for Antibacterial and Angiogenesis Function to Promote Wound Repair

“…Electrospun technology has been widely applied in skin tissue engineering because of several fundamental features beneficial for rapid and functional wound healing and regeneration ( Aavani et al, 2019 ). The biomimetic ECM nanofibrous architecture provides a platform for suitable cell–material interactions and material structure based intracellular signaling pathway activation ( Iacob et al, 2020 ). In addition, the nanopores within the electrospun membranes can increase the nutrient and waste exchange, and form a physical barrier to resist bacterial infection.…”

Development of Inula graveolens (L.) Plant Extract Electrospun/Polycaprolactone Nanofibers: A Novel Material for Biomedical Application

“…It was indicated that electrospun plants and their derivatives' nanofibers such as polysaccharides provide unique characteristics which will lead to enhancing wound healing, such as good biocompatibility, liquid absorption, strong durability, minimum toxicity, and antibacterial activities. Lacob et al [15]. The impact of the aligned and randomly orientated PCL scaffolds was studied by Abbasi et al [16] on quantitative gene expression during neural stem cell differentiation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).…”

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun psyllium husk‐based nanofibers for tissue regeneration

“…PH, psyllium husk; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol them more stable toward structural changes due to temperature and pH shifts, than other existing lipid and protein-based biopolymers. 68 The structural similarity of plant-based polysaccharides to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that form a part of the protein found in the connective tissue and ECM of many cell types, renders them more biocompatible than contemporary biopolymers. 69 Although, PVA has now been used in many biomedical applications for over half a century, a plant-based natural polysaccharide always gets an upper hand in comparison to a synthetic polymer.…”

“…PH‐based nanofibers exhibit multiple advantages over PVA and PVA/G nanofibers. Apart from its biodegradable nature, easy availability, low toxicity, nonantigenicity, low cost, better biocompatibility in comparison to synthetic polymers; psyllium polysaccharides are bound by strong glycosidic bonds that make them more stable toward structural changes due to temperature and pH shifts, than other existing lipid and protein‐based biopolymers 68 . The structural similarity of plant‐based polysaccharides to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that form a part of the protein found in the connective tissue and ECM of many cell types, renders them more biocompatible than contemporary biopolymers 69 .…”