An Overview of Antimicrobial Stewardship Optimization: The Use of Antibiotics in Humans and Animals to Prevent Resistance

Abstract

Antimicrobials are a type of agent widely used to prevent various microbial infections in humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance is a major cause of clinical antimicrobial therapy failure, and it has become a major public health concern around the world. Increasing the development of multiple antimicrobials has become available for humans and animals with no appropriate guidance. As a result, inappropriate use of antimicrobials has significantly produced antimicrobial resistance. However, an increasing number of infections such as sepsis are untreatable due to this antimicrobial resistance. In either case, life-saving drugs are rendered ineffective in most cases. The actual causes of antimicrobial resistance are complex and versatile. A lack of adequate health services, unoptimized use of antimicrobials in humans and animals, poor water and sanitation systems, wide gaps in access and research and development in healthcare technologies, and environmental pollution have vital impacts on antimicrobial resistance. This current review will highlight the natural history and basics of the development of antimicrobials, the relationship between antimicrobial use in humans and antimicrobial use in animals, the simplistic pathways, and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, and how to control the spread of this resistance.

Current Status and Trends of Research on Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity from 2002 to 2021: A Twenty-Year Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis

“…The Basic Information of ANTs. ANTs, the archetypal representatives of the tetracyclic type II polyketide natural antibiotics [39][40][41], were initially isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius and showed remarkable anticancer activities [42]. The first ANT was named daunorubicin (DNR) and was applied to acute leukemia treatment in 1963 [43].…”

Functional Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Molecule to Material Design for Biomedical Applications

“…Due to the structural similarities with the natural 3D structure of the extracellular matrix, hydrogels have excellent potential in the cell therapy approach. Hydrogels with cell encapsulation promote desired tissue-specific biomechanical and biochemical characteristics that can control cellular functions [ 216 , 217 ]. Properties like biocompatibility and biodegradability are also crucial for applications of hydrogels in cell delivery [ 218 ].…”

Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance

“…The rising body of evidence demonstrates the close relationship between glia and neuronal cells, as well as their impact on neurons. Several studies have found that metabolic changes in glial cells modify neuron-glial connections, hence amplifying the pathophysiology of many neurological illnesses [19][20][21][22][23]. In preliminary research on neurodegenerative, ischemic brain injury, and demyelinating illnesses, glial metabolism was found to have a lower oxidative burden, lower generation of proinflammatory cytokines, and less neuronal damage.…”