An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis after two decades in Odisha, India

Abstract

Sudden deaths in children due to acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) from a tribal dominated district of Malkangiri in Odisha, India, was reported during September-November, 2012. The investigation was carried out to search for the possible viral aetiology that caused this outbreak. Clinico-epidemiological survey and seromolecular investigation were carried out to confirm the viral aetiology. Two hundred seventy two suspected cases with 24 deaths were observed. The patients presented with low to moderate grade fever (87%), headache (43%), vomiting (27%), cold (18%), cough (17%), body ache (15%), joint pain (15%), rash (15%), abdomen pain (9%), lethargy (5%), altered sensorium (8%), convulsion (2%), diarrhoea (3%), and haematemesis (3%). Laboratory investigation showed Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) IgM in 13.8 per cent (13/94) in blood samples and JEV RNA in one of two cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Paddy fields close to the houses, high pig to cattle ratio, high density (33 per man hour density) of Culex vishnui mosquitoes, low socio-economic status and low health awareness in the tribal population were observed. This report confirmed the outbreak of JEV infection in Odisha after two decades.

Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus in Aes Cases by Elisa and PCR in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern India

“…The clinical presenta on with fever was seen in all cases (100%) followed by altered sensorium (95%) with or without convulsion (30%), headache (6%) which was similar to other studies of Dwivedi et al [23] and Chaudhuri et al [5], that showed fever (80 and 97%), altered sensorium or convulsion (78 and 98%) and headache (61 and 74%). In the detec on of JEV, only 2 (2.2%) samples were tested posi ve, which is in contrast to other studies like Bandopadhya et al in 2011 (22.7%) and 2012 (5%) [24] and Dwivedi et al in 2012 (13.8%) [23].…”

“…In the detec on of JEV, only 2 (2.2%) samples were tested posi ve, which is in contrast to other studies like Bandopadhya et al in 2011 (22.7%) and 2012 (5%) [24] and Dwivedi et al in 2012 (13.8%) [23].…”

Behaviors Related to Mosquito-Borne Diseases among Different Ethnic Minority Groups along the China-Laos Border Areas

“…Pig rearing is a known risk factor for Japanese Encephalitis virus, because pigs are an important amplifying host. Studies conducted in India [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], Republic of Korea [ 13 , 14 ], Nepal [ 15 ], and China [ 16 ] showed the same results. The need for the vaccination of local residents and pigs against JEV is often considered [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Entomological investigation of Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Malkangiri district of Odisha state, India

“…During earlier outbreaks occurred in Malkangiri district, the association of JE was confirmed as JE virus IgM from serological samples and JE virus RNA from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples was detected ( Dwibedi et al 2015 , Nayak et al 2016a ) and was lacking the supporting entomological confirmations from viral isolation of JE vectors. In the current outbreak, the presence of JEV was confirmed in vector mosquitoes by PCR assay.…”