“…The uncertain parameters were validated through experimental tests, which endows the linear tire model with higher reliability. In [43, 48, 59, 60, 68, 70, 71], the Dugoff tire model was employed to explicitly express the lateral and longitudinal tire forces as the functions of the tire slip angle, slip ratio, vertical load and tire–road friction coefficient. Like the Dugoff tire model, the Magic formula was also popularly employed as indicated in [47, 49, 51, 58, 61–63, 76, 84], which derives the lateral and longitudinal tire forces as the functions of several tire states.…”