An investigation of factors influencing freeze lining behaviour

Crivits, Tijl; Hayes, Peter C.; Jak, Evgueni

doi:10.1080/03719553.2017.1375767

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…They found that the thickness of the freeze-lining, the interface temperature, and the phases which formed during solidification were sensitive to the parameters that determine the chemical driving force, but not very sensitive to the bulk fluid velocity. [23] In earlier work by Crivits et al they found that lower viscosity results in higher interface temperature at the freeze-lining. It was also confirmed further that the thinnest areas of the freeze-lining occur in the areas of high turbulence, as previously suggested by Fraser et al [24,25] In the present study, a numerical model was established to aid in the design of a slag transfer system which can form a complete freeze-lining.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Numerical Analysis of Slag Transfer in the IronArc Process

Svantesson

Ersson

Imris

et al. 2020

Metall Mater Trans B

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The IronArc process is a novel approach to ironmaking which aims to reduce the associated $${\hbox {CO}}_{2}$$ CO 2 emissions. By superheating gas using electricity in a plasma generator (PG) the heat required for the process can be supplied without burning of coke. Reduction of hematite and magnetite ores is facilitated by additions of hydrocarbons from liquid natural gas (LNG). The melting and reduction of ore will produce a molten slag containing 90 pct wüstite, which will be corrosive to most refractory materials. A freeze-lining can prevent refractory wear by separating the molten slag from the refractory. This approach is evaluated in CFD simulations by studying the liquid flow and solidification of the slag using the enthalpy–porosity model in two different slag transfer designs. It was found that a fast moving slag causes a high near-wall turbulence, which prevents solidification in the affected areas. The RSM turbulence model was verified against published experimental research on solidification in flows. It was found to accurately predict the freeze-lining thickness when a steady state was reached, but with lacking accuracy for predicting the time required for formation of said freeze-lining. The results were similar when the $$k{-}\omega $$ k - ω SST model was used. A design with a slower flow causes more solidified material on the walls and can protect all areas of the refractory wall from the corrosive slag. A parameter study was done on the effect of viscosity, mushy zone parameter, heat conductivity and mass flow on the amount of solidified material, thickness of solidified material, heat flux, and wall shear stress. In the current geometry, freeze-linings completely protect the refractory for mass flow rates of up to 3 $${\text {kg}} \, {\text {s}}^{-1},$$ kg s - 1 , and are stable for the expected viscosity (0.05 to 0.3 Pa), heat conductivity (2 $${\text {W}}\, {\text {m}}^{-1}\,{\text {K}}^{-1}),$$ W m - 1 K - 1 ) , and used mushy zone parameter (10,000).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Numerical Analysis of Slag Transfer in the IronArc Process

Svantesson

Ersson

Imris

et al. 2020

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…The timing and thickness of the ice bath can also impact hydrologic responses in Arctic lakes, which may have implications for ice bath application as a recovery strategy (Arp, 2015) (18). Finally, chemical parameters can influence freeze lining behavior, which suggests a potential avenue for further exploration in the context of ice bath interventions (Crivits, 2018) (19). Collectively, these findings emphasize the complexity of factors that contribute to the conflicting outcomes in this area.…”

Section: Controversies and Variability In Responses: The Need For Pre...mentioning

confidence: 98%

The Benefits of Ice Baths on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after high intensity training

Rutkowska,

Bieńko,

Król

et al. 2024

J Educ Health Sport

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Introduction: In the field of sports and exercise science researchers are exploring methods to enhance recovery after training sessions. One popular approach that has gained attention is the use of ice baths. Purpose: This review examines how ice baths impact muscle recovery time following high intensity workouts looking at both the effects and practical considerations with a focus, on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). The PubMed database was used in this study. A literature review was conducted using the keywords: “cold water”, “muscle regeneration”, “muscle soreness”, “DOMS” and “ice bathing”. State of Knowledge: Ice baths have been found to trigger vasoconstriction reduce inflammation and alleviate muscle soreness. However, their effectiveness in reducing exercise-induced inflammation and muscle soreness remains uncertain. The impact on DOMS varies among individuals due to factors like genetics, age, gender and health conditions. This variability highlights the challenges of incorporating ice baths into workout recovery routines. Summary: The use of ice baths in post-exercise recovery presents a complex landscape with diverse physiological responses and variable outcomes. While practical guidelines exist for the application of ice baths in high-intensity training, debates persist regarding their efficacy on DOMS compared to active recovery. While ice baths are incorporated into holistic recovery strategies conflicting research casts doubt on their standalone effectiveness prompting further exploration of how they complement other recovery methods. Moreover, potential drawbacks and conflicting evidence regarding their influence on long-term training adaptations raise questions about the overall costs and benefits.

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“…The melting phase diagram for the different salt hydrate‐water system (Ba(OH) 2 ‐H 2 O, CaCl 2 ‐H 2 O, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ‐H 2 O, Cd(NO 3 ) 2 ‐H 2 O, CH 3 COONa‐H 2 O, KF‐H 2 O, LiClO 3 ‐H 2 O, LiNO 3 ‐H 2 O, MgCl 2 ‐H 2 O, Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ‐H 2 O, Mn(NO 3 ) 2 ‐H 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 ‐H 2 O, Na 2 HPO 4 ‐H 2 O, NaOH‐H 2 O, Na 2 SO 4 ‐H 2 O, Na 2 S 2 O 3 ‐H 2 O, NH 4 Al(SO 4 ) 2 ‐H 2 O, and Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ‐H 2 O) along with their thermophysical properties (melting temperature, specific heat, thermal conductivity, density, the heat of fusion, and viscosity) in both phases were reported 32 . Region for all possible formation of hydrates of CaCl 2 and Zn(NO 3 ) 2 from its salt solution was reported from its melting phase diagram of CaCl 2 ‐H 2 O 32,33 and Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ‐H 2 O, 13,32 respectively. Different concentrations of saturated aqueous salt solutions can be used as PCM to get a wide phase change temperature range.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Heat Transition In Salt Hydrates During the Phamentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic salt hydrate for thermal energy storage application: A review

Purohit

Sistla

2020

Energy Storage

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Salt hydrates are one of the most common inorganic compounds that are used as phase change material (PCM). These are available for a wide range of phase transition temperature for thermal energy storage (TES) application. They have some most desired properties for TES applications like high latent heat value, good thermal conductivity, nonexpensive, and were nonflammable. Besides these, due to the undesirable properties like phase segregation, supercooling, and corrosion to the containers, this PCM not recommended for TES application. To mitigate these issues and to make salt hydrates suitable in TES application, much research has been carried out in past years. This main highlight of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of salt hydrates, their applications and summarize the research outcomes reported by various researchers to every issue for its TES application. This summarized information will be useful to those who are interested to work on this research area. Along with this literature focuses on the advantages, disadvantages, and mechanism of salt hydrates for TES system during its thermal cycle process.

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An investigation of factors influencing freeze lining behaviour

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

Numerical Analysis of Slag Transfer in the IronArc Process

Numerical Analysis of Slag Transfer in the IronArc Process

The Benefits of Ice Baths on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after high intensity training

Inorganic salt hydrate for thermal energy storage application: A review

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