An Introductory Characterization of a Combat-Casualty-Care Relevant Swine Model of Closed Head Injury Resulting from Exposure to Explosive Blast

Bauman, Richard A.; Ling, Geoffrey; Tong, Lawrence; Januszkiewicz, Adolph J.; Agoston, Dennis; Delanerolle, Nihal; Kim, Young; Ritzel, David V.; Bell, Randy S.; Ecklund, James M.; Armonda, Rocco A.; Bandak, Faris A.; Parks, Steven

doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0898

Cited by 247 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The mid-plate thickness between lambda and bregma sutures was approximately 0.354 ± 0.061 mm thick (1) where the thickness increases near the midline suture to 0.630 ± 0.082 mm thick (3). The gap between the suture itself was approximately 0.162 ± 0.016 mm thick (2). At this point the distance from horn to horn was 11.72 ± 0.114 mm (5).…”

Section: Microct Imagingmentioning

confidence: 91%

Skull Flexure as a Contributing Factor in the Mechanism of Injury in the Rat when Exposed to a Shock Wave

et al. 2011

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The manner in which energy from an explosion is transmitted into the brain is currently a highly debated topic within the blast injury community. This study was conducted to investigate the injury biomechanics causing blast-related neurotrauma in the rat. Biomechanical responses of the rat head under shock wave loading were measured using strain gauges on the skull surface and a fiber optic pressure sensor placed within the cortex. MicroCT imaging techniques were applied to quantify skull bone thickness. The strain gauge results indicated that the response of the rat skull is dependent on the intensity of the incident shock wave; greater intensity shock waves cause greater deflections of the skull. The intracranial pressure (ICP) sensors indicated that the peak pressure developed within the brain was greater than the peak side-on external pressure and correlated with surface strain. The bone plates between the lambda, bregma, and midline sutures are probable regions for the greatest flexure to occur. The data provides evidence that skull flexure is a likely candidate for the development of ICP gradients within the rat brain. This dependency of transmitted stress on particular skull dynamics for a given species should be considered by those investigating blast-related neurotrauma using animal models.

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Section: Microct Imagingmentioning

confidence: 91%

Skull Flexure as a Contributing Factor in the Mechanism of Injury in the Rat when Exposed to a Shock Wave

et al. 2011

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“…8,109 However, owing to differences in loading to the head and rate sensitivity in brain biomechanics, 28 blast TBI biomechanics and pathobiology may not be similar to conventional blunt TBI. 75,85 Further, these studies often expose the animals thorax to blast and will sometimes use blast conditions at relatively long durations compared with the animal size.…”

Section: Injury Biomechanics and Injury Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Injuries from Blast

et al. 2011

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from blast produces a number of conundrums. This review focuses on five fundamental questions including: (1) What are the physical correlates for blast TBI in humans? (2) Why is there limited evidence of traditional pulmonary injury from blast in current military field epidemiology? (3) What are the primary blast brain injury mechanisms in humans? (4) If TBI can present with clinical symptoms similar to those of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), how do we clinically differentiate blast TBI from PTSD and other psychiatric conditions? (5) How do we scale experimental animal models to human response? The preponderance of the evidence from a combination of clinical practice and experimental models suggests that blast TBI from direct blast exposure occurs on the modern battlefield. Progress has been made in establishing injury risk functions in terms of blast overpressure time histories, and there is strong experimental evidence in animal models that mild brain injuries occur at blast intensities that are similar to the pulmonary injury threshold. Enhanced thoracic protection from ballistic protective body armor likely plays a role in the occurrence of blast TBI by preventing lung injuries at blast intensities that could cause TBI. Principal areas of uncertainty include the need for a more comprehensive injury assessment for mild blast injuries in humans, an improved understanding of blast TBI pathophysiology of blast TBI in animal models and humans, the relationship between clinical manifestations of PTSD and mild TBI from blunt or blast trauma including possible synergistic effects, and scaling between animals models and human exposure to blasts in wartime and terrorist attacks. Experimental methodologies, including location of the animal model relative to the shock or blast source, should be carefully designed to provide a realistic blast experiment with conditions comparable to blasts on humans. If traditional blast scaling is appropriate between species, many reported rodent blast TBI experiments using air shock tubes have blast overpressure conditions that are similar to human long-duration nuclear blasts, not high explosive blasts.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Shock tubes have been used for over a century to study combustion chemistry, high speed aerodynamics, and shock wave characteristics as well as the response of materiel to blast loading. The earliest reports in English appeared at the turn of the 20 th century; interest in research with shock tubes revived in the U.S. and Canada after World War II, and it was at that time that the term "shock tube" became prevalent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, equipment and personnel need to be isolated from the large mechanical and electromagnetic waves caused by detonation. 1,2 a Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: amy_courtney@post.harvard.edu…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxy-acetylene driven laboratory scale shock tubes for studying blast wave effects

Courtney¹,

Andrusiv

Courtney

2012

Review of Scientific Instruments

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This paper describes the development and characterization of modular, oxy-acetylene driven laboratory scale shock tubes. Such tools are needed to produce realistic blast waves in a laboratory setting. The pressure-time profiles measured at 1 MHz using high speed piezoelectric pressure sensors have relevant durations and show a true shock front and exponential decay characteristic of free-field blast waves. Descriptions are included for shock tube diameters of 27 -79 mm. A range of peak pressures from 204 kPa to 1187 kPa (with 0.5 -5.6% standard error of the mean) were produced by selection of the driver section diameter and distance from the shock tube opening. The peak pressures varied predictably with distance from the shock tube opening while maintaining both a true blast wave profile and relevant pulse duration for distances up to about one diameter from the shock tube opening. This shock tube design provides a more realistic blast profile than current compression-driven shock tubes, and it does not have a large jet effect. In addition, operation does not require specialized personnel or facilities like most blastdriven shock tubes, which reduces operating costs and effort and permits greater throughput and accessibility. It is expected to be useful in assessing the response of various sensors to shock wave loading; assessing the reflection, transmission, and absorption properties of candidate armor materials; assessing material properties at high rates of loading; assessing the response of biological materials to shock wave exposure; and providing a means to validate numerical models of the interaction of shock waves with structures. All of these activities have been difficult to pursue in a laboratory setting due in part to lack of appropriate means to produce a realistic blast loading profile.

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An Introductory Characterization of a Combat-Casualty-Care Relevant Swine Model of Closed Head Injury Resulting from Exposure to Explosive Blast

Cited by 247 publications

References 31 publications

Skull Flexure as a Contributing Factor in the Mechanism of Injury in the Rat when Exposed to a Shock Wave

Skull Flexure as a Contributing Factor in the Mechanism of Injury in the Rat when Exposed to a Shock Wave

Brain Injuries from Blast

Oxy-acetylene driven laboratory scale shock tubes for studying blast wave effects

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