“…Regarding RQ1 whether students improve their learning about programming concepts by using DFD-C the results validated H1 as students who used DFD-C significantly improved their learning of programming fundamentals compared to those who did not use it. This result is similar to the ones found in the experiments with other SGs such as Wu's Castle [23], SortingGame, SortingCasino, Secret rule and Draw and guess [24], Capital Tycoon [27], HIT Typing, Serious Cube and 3D action game [28], ProGames [30], The Odyssey of Phoenix [32], TIS-Q-SP [18] and Autothink [17]. However, the use of games in formal educational environments is not always successful [41].…”