An Insight Into the Microbiome of the<i>Amblyomma maculatum</i>(Acari: Ixodidae)

Budachetri, Khemraj; Browning, Rebecca E.; Adamson, Steven W.; Dowd, Scot E.; Chao, Chien‐Chung; Ching, Wei‐Mei; Karim, Shahid

doi:10.1603/me12223

Cited by 112 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Moreover, humans and animals bitten by these ticks were seropositive to the endosymbiont bacterial antigens [38, 39]. Further, Budachtri et al [40] showed that Amblyomma maculatum were predominantly infected with Francisella, Wolbachia and rickettsial species and sequences corresponding to rickettsial outer membrane protein-encoding genes ( ompA and ompB ) were also observed in salivary glands suggesting that these endosymbionts had the potential for transmission to the vertebrate host. While most tick-borne endosymbionts were thought to be innocuous passengers [22, 41], these observations question that presumption.…”

Section: Intracellular Endosymbionts Of Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different studies have used different hypervariable regions of the 16S rDNA [56] (V1-V3, V4, V5, or V6, regions) and examined different tick stages from diverse geographic locations in the world (Table 1). Further, while most studies have utilized whole ticks, only a handful has utilized specific tissues dissected from the ticks [40, 57-59]. The limitation of using whole ticks is that it does not allow one to define the tissue-specific microbiome [60] and this understanding might be pertinent to derive functional inferences in the context of the biology of the tick and its interactions with tick-borne pathogens.…”

Section: Beyond the Intracellular Endosymbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Across all genospecies of hard ticks, bacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria are predominant followed by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes . Bacterial members of the phylum Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Fusobacteria and TM7 are also observed at lower levels in some studies [40, 58]. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were observed, and Gram-negative bacteria were predominant [48].…”

Section: Beyond the Intracellular Endosymbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tick microbiome: the force within

Narasimhan

Fikrig

2015

Trends in Parasitology

266

261

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Ticks are obligate blood-feeders and serve as vectors of human and livestock pathogens worldwide. Defining the tick microbiome and deciphering the interactions between the tick and its symbiotic bacteria in the context of tick development and pathogen transmission, will likely reveal new insights and spawn new paradigms to control tick-borne diseases. Descriptive observations on the tick microbiome that began almost a century ago serve as forerunners to the gathering momentum to define the tick microbiome in greater detail. This review will focus on the current efforts to address the microbiomes of diverse ticks, and the evolving understanding of tick microbiomes. There is hope that these efforts will bring a holistic understanding of pathogen transmission by ticks.

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Section: Intracellular Endosymbionts Of Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Beyond the Intracellular Endosymbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Beyond the Intracellular Endosymbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tick microbiome: the force within

Narasimhan

Fikrig

2015

Trends in Parasitology

266

261

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“…While there have been many studies of tick microbiomes (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17), relatively little is known about the microbiota of Ixodes ticks. Efforts to identify microbial commensals and symbionts have been made using culture-based methods (18), cloning, and sequencing of gel-purified PCR products (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in the Microbiota of Ixodes Ticks with Regard to Geography, Species, and Sex

Treuren

Ponnusamy

Brinkerhoff

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

173

204

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n Ixodes scapularis is the principal vector of Lyme disease on the East Coast and in the upper Midwest regions of the UnitedStates, yet the tick is also present in the Southeast, where Lyme disease is absent or rare. A closely related species, I. affinis, also carries the pathogen in the South but does not seem to transmit it to humans. In order to better understand the geographic diversity of the tick, we analyzed the microbiota of 104 adult I. scapularis and 13 adult I. affinis ticks captured in 19 locations in South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Connecticut, and New York. Initially, ticks from 4 sites were analyzed by 454 pyrosequencing. Subsequently, ticks from these sites plus 15 others were analyzed by sequencing with an Illumina MiSeq machine. By both analyses, the microbiomes of female ticks were significantly less diverse than those of male ticks. The dissimilarity between tick microbiomes increased with distance between sites, and the state in which a tick was collected could be inferred from its microbiota. The genus Rickettsia was prominent in all locations. Borrelia was also present in most locations and was present at especially high levels in one site in western Virginia. In contrast, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were very common in North Carolina I. scapularis ticks but uncommon in I. scapularis ticks from other sites and in North Carolina I. affinis ticks. These data suggest substantial variations in the Ixodes microbiota in association with geography, species, and sex.

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“…This study revealed the presence of bacteria of 121 genera, including Borrelia, Coxiella, Wolbachia and Legionella. Among others, microbiomes of Ixodes ricinus [25], Amblyomma testudinarium, Amblyomma variegatum, Haemaphysalis formosensis, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes ovatus, Ixodes persulcatus [26], Amblyomma americanum [27], and Amblyomma maculatum [28] were analyzed. 454-and Illumina-based metagenomic approaches were used along with pyrosequencing of bacteriaenriched whole genome or prokaryotic 16S rRNA.…”

Section: Microbiome Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%