An ideal optical system with double-sided symmetry

The Chemi-Ionization Processes in Slow Collisions of Rydberg Atoms with Ground State Atoms: Mechanism and Applications

“…In [34], it was shown that this mechanism provides values of the crosssections for (n-n')-mixing in the region 10 n  greater by at least an order of magnitude than the ones obtained by means of Fermi's mechanism [36]. This is due to the fact that in Fermi's mechanism an induced dipole moment d e l  appears, with 0 la  , while in the above mechanism the dipole moment…”

“…Since the chemi-ionization processes are treated already for a long time on the bases of the so-called dipole resonant mechanism (DRM), we will describe shortly its history and the main features. This mechanism was introduced in [34] in order to explain the properties of the distribution of highly excited (Rydberg) atomic states in a non-equilibrium helium plasma with 4 / 10 ea NN   and ea TT  , which were noticed in [35]. An obstacle emerged from the fact that a Boltzmann distribution of these populations with a temperature e T was expected, and the distribution found instead looked like a Boltzmann one, but with an effective temperature average between e T and a T .…”

“…Somewhat later, in [37], using the same mechanism as in [34], ionization processes in symmetric * ( , ) Na n l Na  collisions were considered. These processes were caused by the outer electron's transitions from a bound state with and that this mechanism in the case of the considered ionization processes is very efficient too, just as in the case of (n-n')-mixing.…”

“…In the same period the investigation of processes of (n-n')-mixing in * () A n A  collisions was continued [38], which lead to a modification of the method of description of these processes. Namely, in [34], as well as subsequently in [37], the states of the system * () A n A  in the reaction zone, were sought as superpositions of states | ( ( )) | , R t n l    , where | ( ( )) Rt  is defined by (7), and |, nl is one of the Rydberg states of the outer electron. However, the results obtained in [38] suggested that the states of the system * () A n A  be sought as superpositions of two groups of states: | ; | ', ' g R n l  and | ; | '', '' u R n l  , where the principal quantum numbers ', ', '', '' n l n l take all their possible values independently from one another.…”

“…In the general case there are always regions of the phase space and the interacting particles' parameters for which the dynamics of a Hamiltonian system is stochastic, the transition from the integrable problems of classical dynamics to the systems with chaos is accompanied by appearance of embryo-regions of chaos. With one-dimensional problem and time-dependent influence of the external perturbation development of dynamic chaos is possible[43].The theory cited above did not take into account the possibility of multiplicity of quasi-intersections of the initial term of Rydberg molecular complex * () AA  with the adjacent term prior to its reaching the border of the continual spectrum.At the same time the DRM theory[34] initially considered non-elastic processes of intermixing Rydberg states. However, the attempt to take that possibility into account by the known means, traditional within the physics of atom-atom collisions, do not lead to a foreseeable result due to the multiplicity of such quasiintersections.…”