“…Scholars believe that PjBL, as an experiential learning teaching and learning pedagogy, is a crucial instructional approach that enables students to develop content knowledge and academic skills (Danko, 2019;Indrawan et al, 2020;Pradanti & Muqtada, 2023), develop and improve skills for future success (ESEI, 2021;Stehling & Munzert, 2018), develop LA (Boggu & Sundarsingh, 2019;Yuliani & Lengkanawati, 2017;Zaidi et al, 2020), and build the necessary personal agency to meet the challenges of life and the wider world (ESEI, 2021;High-Quality Project Based Learning, 2018;Stehling & Munzert, 2018). However, although implementing PjBL in curricula may prove to be advantageous, educators may experience challenges in its implementation and application (Aldabbus, 2018;Juliet, 2020;Vasiliene-Vasiliauskiene et al, 2020), especially in a TVET context (H. Liu, 2019;Mustapha et al, 2020).…”