An environmentally friendly method for recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using gluconic and lactic acids

Roshanfar, Melina; Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh; Rashchi, Fereshteh

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2018.11.039

Cited by 63 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…LRs exceeded 98%, 95%, 95%, and 93%, respectively, when the S/L ratio equaled 100 g/L, but tended to reduce slightly when the S/L ratio exceeded 100 g/L. This was probably because an increased S/L ratio reduced the effective surface area available for the reaction for each particle in the unit volume (Roshanfar et al, 2019). High acid concentrations and low S/L are generally favorable for the metal LR.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Countercurrent leaching of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

et al. 2020

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This study focuses on a countercurrent leaching process (CLP) for the dissolution of high-value metals from cathode active material of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Its main aim is to improve the effective utilization of acid during leaching and allow for the continuous operation of the entire CLP by adjusting the process parameters. The overall recovery of lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) was 98%, 95%, 95%, and 92%, respectively; the acid utilization of the leaching process exceeded 95% under optimum conditions. The optimum conditions for first stage leaching were 70 g/L solid–liquid (S/L) ratio at 40°C for 30 minutes, and 2.0 M sulfuric acid, 100 g/L S/L ratio, 7 g/L starch, at 85°C for 120 minutes for second stage leaching. After five bouts of circulatory leaching, more than 98% Li, 95% Co, 95% Ni, and 92% Mn were leached under the same leaching conditions. Furthermore, we introduced the Avrami equation to describe metal leaching kinetics from spent LIBs, and determined that the second stage leaching process was controlled by the diffusion rate. In this way, Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can be recovered efficiently and the excess acid in the leachate can be reused in this hydrometallurgical process, potentially offering economic and environmental benefits.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Countercurrent leaching of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

et al. 2020

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“…A large amount of LIBs from both EVs and electronics are still being disposed of in landfills such as in the case of Australia whereby 98% of LIBs were disposed on to landfills in 2012 and 2013 and only a small remainder was collected for recycling ( King et al., 2018 ; King and Boxall, 2019 ). Taking into account the potentially damaging impact of LIBs and the abundance of valuable metals in them, LIB waste metal recovery is both environmentally and economically appealing ( Erüst et al., 2013 ; Golmohammadzadeh et al., 2017 ; de Oliveira Demarco et al., 2019 ; He et al., 2019 ; Roshanfar et al., 2019 ; Yao et al., 2020 ). There are some commercial operations that are being employed to recover metals from LIB waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

et al. 2022

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“…Inorganic lixiviants such as sulfuric acid [7,11], nitric acid [12], hydrochloric acid [13], and phosphoric acid [14] are commonly combined with a reductant, e.g., hydrogen peroxide to dissolve Co and Li from the LIB cathode. Due to the aggressive nature of the acids, several research groups have shifted their attention to safer organic lixiviants, e.g., malic acid [15], lactic acid [16], citric acid [17], and oxalic acid [18,19]. Organic compounds are used to stabilize Co as complexes in PLS, and some also serve as reductants [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tannic acid as a novel and green leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries

Prasetyo

Muryanta

Anggraini

et al. 2022

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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Tannic acid–acetic acid is proposed as novel and green chemicals for cobalt and lithium recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries through a leaching process. The synergism of both acids was documented through batch and continuous studies. Tannic acid promotes cobalt dissolution by reducing insoluble Co3+ into soluble Co2+, while acetic acid is critical to improve the dissolution and stabilize the metals in the pregnant leach solution. Based on batch studies, the optimum conditions for metal recovery at room temperature are acetic acid 1 M, tannic acid 20 g/L, pulp density 20 g/L, and stirring speed 250 rpm (94% cobalt and 99% lithium recovery). The kinetic study shows that increasing temperature to 80 °C improves cobalt and lithium recovery from 65 to 90% (cobalt) and from 80 to 99% (lithium) within 4 h at sub-optimum condition (tannic acid 10 g/L). Kinetic modeling suggests the leaching process was endothermic, and high activation energy indicates a surface chemical process. For other metals, the pattern of manganese and nickel recovery trend follows the cobalt recovery trend. Copper recovery was negatively affected by tannic acid. Iron recovery was limited due to the weak acidic condition of pregnant leach solution, which is beneficial to improve leaching selectivity.

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An environmentally friendly method for recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using gluconic and lactic acids

Cited by 63 publications

References 32 publications

Countercurrent leaching of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

Countercurrent leaching of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

Tannic acid as a novel and green leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries

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