“…The rate-independent hysteresis models include the Preisach model [6,7], Prandtle–Ishlinskii model [8,9], Maxwell-slip model [10,11] and polynomial-based hysteresis model [12,13], and can be used to describe the nonlinear relationship between the input voltage and the output displacement of PCAs. However, the input rates of these models are generally lower than that of the rate-dependent hysteresis models, such as the Bouc–Wen model [14,15] and Dahl model [16,17,18]. That is mainly because, unlike the rate-independent hysteresis model, the rate-dependent one can describe the dynamic relationship between the input rate and the output.…”