“…By using the quantum entanglement resources, a variety of quantum communication protocols were put forward to solve the problem of quantum information transmission, such as quantum secure direct communication [Wang, Deng, Li et al (2005)], quantum secret sharing [Lin, Guo, Xu et al (2016); Chen, Tang, Xu et al (2018)], quantum key management [Xu, Chen, Duo et al (2015); Liu, Xu, Yang et al (2018)], quantum steganography [Wei, Chen, Niu et al (2015); Qu, Cheng, Liu et al (2018); Qu, Chen, Ji et al (2018)], quantum teleportation (QT) [Fortes and Rigolin (2017); Bennett, Brassard, Crépeau et al (1993); Tan, Li and Yang (2018)] and remote state preparation (RSP) [Pati (2000); Cavaillès, Le Jeannic, Raskop et al (2017]. In a RSP, the sender (Alice) can prepare a known state for a remote receiver (Bob) via a shared quantum channel and some classical communications.…”