An effective treatment option for pain caused by urolithiasis: A randomised‐controlled trial of local active warming with heat‐patch

Abstract

For centuries, urolithiasis has been known for being one of the most painful diseases and its prevalence is increasing. 1 It is estimated that 8%-15% of people around the world would face renal colic some time in their lives. In total, urolithiasis has been diagnosed in about 12% of the US population, and every year, there are approximately 2 million treatment visits at outpatient clinics for the disease. 2 In the United States, renal colic accounts for 1% of all visits to the emergency department. However, for 50% of all patients with a history of renal calculi, this portion will rise to 50% after10 years. 1,3 Renal colic occurs as a result of spasm because of the obstruction and distension caused by calculus in the ureter. 1 As recommended by the European Association of Urology, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are first-line treatments for renal colic. 4 However, they may cause renal injury by reducing renal blood circulation. 5,6 In addition, NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal complications (such as ulcers and reflux). 7,8 Their use is also limited

Comparison of paravertebral block vs. general anesthesia for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A retrospective study

“…In elderly patients, the physical conditions often decay (33). The PVB group had higher ASA and heart function scores, including several patients with ASA IV, who were at high risk of receiving general anesthesia; however, nephrolithiasis pain is severe and must be treated promptly and effectively (34). Paravertebral block affects circulation and respiration less than general anesthesia and can be administered to highrisk patients in poor general conditions or with several underlying diseases, in contrast to general or neuraxial anesthesia.…”