An aqueous rechargeable sodium ion battery based on a NaMnO₂–NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ hybrid system for stationary energy storage

Abstract

Due to the costly short-term transients, frequency regulation, and load balancing, the electrical power grid faces an urgent need for largescale energy storage. The long durability, high power and energy density, and low cost needed for stationary energy storage posing constant challenges for conventional battery technology inspire people to explore new kinds of energy storage technologies. Here, we assembled an aqueous rechargeable sodium ion battery by using NaMnO 2 as a cathode material and NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 /C composites as anode materials in 2 M CH 3 COONa aqueous electrolyte. This battery system could work in a wide voltage range from 0.5 V to 1.8 V, giving an energy density of 30 W h kg À1 (based on the total mass of active materials) and could retain 75% of the initial capacity after 500 cycles at the 5 C rate. What is more, the earth-abundant precursors, environmental friendliness and inherent safety made this battery system particularly attractive for stationary energy storage applications. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: SEM images of the as-prepared fresh cathode and anode electrodes; cycle performance of the full cell using 1 M Na 2 SO 4 as an electrolyte at a rate of 5 C; XRD pattern and SEM images of the anode material aer 500 cycles; XRD pattern and SEM images of the cathode material aer 500 cycles; the calculation procedure for the energy density/power density of a full cell; and energy densities and average operating voltages of different aqueous rechargeable sodium ion batteries. See

Manganese oxide electrode with excellent electrochemical performance for sodium ion batteries by pre-intercalation of K and Na ions

“…Table 1 compares our results with some manganese oxides reported recently for aqueous electrolyte batteries. It can be seem that the reversible capacity of M2 synthesized in the present work is greatly higher than the reported Na 0.58 MnO 2 ·0.48H 2 O 29 , Na 4 Mn 9 O 18 30 , NaMnO 2 31 , K 0.27 MnO 2 38 , Na 0.95 MnO 2 39 and Na 0.44 MnO 2 40 .

Figure 3( a ) Charge-discharge profiles of the as-prepared manganese oxides at 1.5 C, ( b ) Rate performance of M2 electrode, ( c ) Cycling performance of M0 and M2 electrodes at 1.5 C, and ( d ) Long cycling stability of M2 electrode at 50 C.

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“…Na 4 Mn 9 O 18 synthesized by a simple solid-state route was demonstrated as a cathode material for an aqueous electrolyte sodium-ion energy storage device, having a specific capacity of 45 mA h g −1  30 . NaMnO 2 electrode with a specific capacity of 55 mA h g −1 at 1 C in 2 M CH 3 COONa aqueous electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries was reported by Tarasconetal 31 . However, these researches on cathode materials cannot fully satisfy the requirements for the application of Na-ion batteries and the realization of materials with high performance is still challenging.…”

Sodium‐Ion Batteries: From Academic Research to Practical Commercialization

“…Based on recently reported achievements on the aqueous sodium-ion full-cell system, the energy density and average operating voltage are summarized in Figure 2. NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 composite was commonly used as anode, while layered transition metal (M) oxides (NaM x O 2 ), Prussian blue analogues, or Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 were employed as cathode, [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] although these aqueous full-cell systems suffer from the fatal problems of low average operating voltage (<1.5 V) and low energy density (≈50 W h kg −1 ), which limits their practical applications in large-scale energy storage. [53] Furthermore, some poorly understood issues still exist for the aqueous system, which need to be solved for future practical applications in large-scale electric energy storage.…”

Carbon-coated Na3V2(PO4)3 nanocomposite as a novel high rate cathode material for aqueous sodium ion batteries

“…Up to now NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 has developed to an excellent anode candidate especially for the construction of full cells such as NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 -Na 0.44 MnO 2 [23], NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 -NaMnO 2 [18], NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 -Na 2 NiFe(CN) 6 [20] and NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 -Na 2 CuFe(CN) 6 [21] and so on. Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , as the analogue of NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , also occupies the NASICON (Na Super Ionic Conductor) structure.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, cathode materials such as Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 [15], K 0.27 MnO 2 [16], Na 4 Mn 9 O 18 [17], NaMnO 2 [18], γ-MnO 2 [19], Na 2 NiFe(CN) 6 [20] , and Na 2 CuFe(CN) 6 [21] have been reported for ARLB. Most of them exhibited good electrochemical performance.…”