An Application of Integrated 3D Technologies for Replicas in Cultural Heritage

Abstract

In recent decades, 3D acquisition by laser scanning or digital photogrammetry has become one of the standard methods of documenting cultural heritage, because it permits one to analyze the shape, geometry, and location of any artefact without necessarily coming into contact with it. The recording of three-dimensional metrical data of an asset allows one to preserve and monitor, but also to understand and explain the history and cultural heritage shared. In essence, it constitutes a digital archive of the state of an artefact, which can be used for various purposes, be remodeled, or kept safely stored. With the introduction of 3D printing, digital data can once again take on material form and become physical objects from the corresponding mathematical models in a relatively short time and often at low cost. This possibility has led to a different consideration of the concept of virtual data, no longer necessarily linked to simple visual fruition. The importance of creating high-resolution physical copies has been reassessed in light of different types of events that increasingly threaten the protection of cultural heritage. The aim of this research is to analyze the critical issues in the production process of the replicas, focusing on potential problems in data acquisition and processing and on the accuracy of the resulting 3D printing. The metric precision of the printed model with 3D technology are fundamental for everything concerning geomatics and must be related to the same characteristics of the digital model obtained through the survey analysis.

Three-Dimensional Digital-Mold Modeling and Sand-Printing for Replication of Bronze Mirror

“…However, as there is insufficient data available over the flow of historical time and the skills at the time of the creation of such artifacts are extinct, replication centered on imitating shapes is becoming commonplace. In addition, it is often impossible to reflect raw materials, and the rapid advancement in technology has led to a wide variety of replication methods (Balletti and Ballarin, 2019;Dong et al, 2020).…”

Characterization of Rock Samples by A High-Resolution Multi-Technique Non-Invasive Approach

“…In fact, such models represent a valuable tool that can be exported easily, 3D printed and successively inspected by experts and scientists of various disciplines. Portable document format (PDF) dynamic 3D representations and movies of samples but also of complex shape bodies can be made and represent useful tools for operators and technicians that need to study complex shape bodies on their own office computers without any direct contacts with the bodies themselves, see for example [76] ( [37,77,78] and references therein). TLS technology, for example, measures distances between the emitter of the laser ranging system and the reflecting surface of the illuminated objects to produce point clouds over the target field of view.…”

“…In fact, the difference (residual) between the point position of the inspected point cloud and the position of the reference geometrical primitive (i.e., a plane in our case) is computed in an arbitrary reference frame adopting the centre of the aggregated point cloud as origin. In our case, the resolution of the method is well below mm (see for example [77] and references therein) and the above described inspection procedure was applied to compute the geometrical anomalies of the aggregated point clouds (expressed in meters) as residuals with respect to a best fitted plane adopted as reference (see Figure 4). The geometrical anomalies computed in our case vary in the range ±2 mm.…”

Photogrammetry and 3D Printing for Marble Statues Replicas: Critical Issues and Assessment

“…While several works report tests concerning rapid prototyping techniques for reproducing reduced-scale statues and other kinds of artifacts, or some relevant samples in full scale such as in [3], this project presents a complete workflow for the digitization of the statues and the 3D printing and post-processing of their full-scale replicas that are going to substitute the originals on the baptistry. Figure 2 summarizes the project workflow.…”