An anthropological investigation of the Sakhalin Ainu with special reference to nonmetric cranial traits.

Abstract

The Sakhalin Ainu crania were investigated in terms of nonmetric traits for elucidating their populational affinity. MMDs between the Sakhalin Ainu, Hokkaido Ainu, Neolithic Jomon, Amur, East Asian and North American Mongoloids were calculated on the basis of 15 nonmetric traits. Principal coordinate analysis showed that the Sakhalin Ainu are situated intermediately between three major clusters which consist of the Jomon-Hokkaido Ainu, East Asian, and North American Arctic Mongoloids. While the Sakhalin Ainu basically developed from the JomonAinu stock, the results of the analyses suggested that the Sakhalin Ainu had intermarried considerably with northern people and that that genetic influence was beyond our expectation based on traditional craniometry. Ethnic groups of the Amur basin were placed in an intermediate position between the Arctic and East Asian Mongoloids.

Populational Affinities of the Peruvian with Siberians and North Americans: A Nonmetric Cranial Approach.

“…The closest to the Peruvians are the Aleut, with next closest being the Asian Eskimo, while the Amur and Hokkaido Ainu are at a good distance to the Peruvians. The Aleut and Asian Eskimo are closer to the Mongolian than to the Amur peoples; this differs from one of this writer's previous results (Ishida and Kida, 1991).…”

“…The comparison samples collected by the present author are the Aleut, Asian Eskimo, Ekven (the Iron Age), Buryat, Neolithic Baikal, Mongolian, Tagar (the Iron age, southern Siberia), Kazach, Hokkaido Ainu (Ishida and Dodo, 1992), Amur (Ishida, 1990) and Sakhalin Ainu (Ishida and Kida, 1991). In addition, samples of Asian and North American peoples gathered by Dodo were used for comparison: Modern Japanese, Mongolian, Alaskan Eskimo, Canadian Eskimo, Aleut, Ontario Iroquois (Dodo and Ishida, 1987), Jomon, Aeneolithic Doigahama Yayoi, Protohistoric Kofun (Dodo and Ishida, 1990), Northern Chinese (Dodo et al, 1992, Hawaiian and Chamorro (Ishida and Dodo, 1993).…”

Morphological affinities between Jomon and Ainu: reassessment based on nonmetric cranial traits

“…Hanihara and Ishida (2001b, c, d, e), 2 Ishida (1996), n = sample size, % = frequency of occurrence. studies of metric and nonmetric cranial variation (Howells, 1966(Howells, , 1986Dodo, 1986c;Ossenberg, 1986Ossenberg, , 1992Ishida and Kida, 1991;Ishida, 1996;Pietrusewsky, 1999Pietrusewsky, , 2000Dodo and Kawakubo, 2002), may reflect: (1) higher levels of gene flow from an outside source; (2) a higher mutation rate; (3) genetic drift; (4) a larger effective population size or different timing of population growth; or (5) sampling error (Relethford and Blangero, 1990;Harpending, 1994, 1995;Powell and Neves, 1999). Model-free procedures, however, do not provide concrete information on the differences between observed and expected genetic or phenotypic variance related to the effects of differential external gene flow, genetic drift, or population size.…”

“…The northeast Ainu sample is from the region that overlaps the area containing the sites of the Okhotsk people which have been discovered thus far ( Figure 1). Yamaguchi (1981) was one of the first researchers to demonstrate differences in cranial features between the Ainu (Ishida and Kida, 1991).…”

“…Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in St. Petersburg, Kyoto University (see Ishida and Kida, 1991;Hanihara and Ishida, 2001b, c, d, (Ishida, 1996). The Okhotsk people lived in the Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido between 500 AD and 900 AD, or during the period from the latter half of Epi-Jomon to earlier half of Satsumon.…”