“… - Host i,t is a dummy variable supposed to capture a host country effect on medal wins and is equal to 1 for host countries and equal to 0 for other participating nations.
- Political Regime p,i is a dummy that differentiates among participating nations between former socialist centrally planned economies, that is, Central Eastern European countries ( CEEC ), which have joined the European Union, then all other (post)communist economies ( POSTCOM ), and capitalist market economies ( CAPME ), which all other countries in the world are assumed to be. However, in most recent studies (Forrest et al., 2015, 2017; Noland and Stahler, 2016, 2017) postcommunist transition economies did benefit much less from their outlier situation than at the dawn of the transition period or before it, when Soviet‐style sports were very much supported by the state to win medals. Consequently, the Political Regime p,i variable classifies all participating nations into three country groups: CEEC : Eleven postcommunist nations that joined the European Union (Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia). POSTCOM : Twenty‐three other (post)communist nations that are not E.U.
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