An Algorithmic Safety VEST For Li-ion Batteries During Fast Charging

Determination of Fast Battery-Charging Profiles Using an Electrochemical Model and a Direct Optimal Control Approach

“…where ϵ sn is the volume fraction of filler in the negative electrode and j − n represents, as noted in [72], the mean pore wall movement of lithium ions at the negative current collector. Although, as highlighted in [17], it is unnecessary to estimate the bulk concentration through an additional state variable since it can be directly deduced from (6), the approach in this work follows [8].…”

“…Usually, battery manufacturers provide information sheets with the recommended values for the different phases of the CC-CV protocol [5]. It is well known that elevated temperatures or temperature imbalances can potentially increase the quantity of solid electrolyte interphase growth [6,7], which hinders the performance and longevity of the battery system during operation. Notably, the recommended values are estimated based on laboratory studies, and despite the effort to provide accurate information, these values are not very accurate and the optimal values may change over the lifecycle of the battery.…”

Lithium-ion battery degradation: how to model it

“…The final state of each phase is used as the initial state of the following phase; when switching between constant current and constant voltage, this requires carefully constructing the new vector of (spatially-discretized) initial conditions, since the set of variables is different for the two models. An alternative, and potentially faster, implementation would be to use a differential equation for the current for the charging phase that will ensure CCCV charging [52], but this was not implemented in this work.…”

Electrochemical and Thermal Modeling for the Fast-Charge of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Cocurrent and Countercurrent Tab Connections and the Assessment of Li Plating

“…A large amount of literature is associated with electrochemical and thermal modeling of batteries, and references to such work are provided in Refs. 2 and 3, Early work regarding the modeling of cccv charging can be found in Ning and Popov; 7 they analyzed a charge-discharge capacity fade model during cc-cv charging, as did Mohtat et al 8 who included the impact of temperature, mechanical stress, and Li plating with a semi-analytic treatment. Li et al 9 provide analytic expressions for the simulation of cc-cv charging, as do Parhizi et al 10 Eddahech et al 11 Baghdadi et al 12 and Fang et al 13 employed cc-cv charging and analyses to assess the battery state of health.…”