An adaptive cruise control for connected energy-saving electric vehicles

Safe- and Eco-Driving Control for Connected and Automated Electric Vehicles Using Analytical State-Constrained Optimal Solution

“…At every time step, the MPC computes an optimal control trajectory over a finite prediction horizon (t p ), and this process with feedback of current vehicle information is repeated as the prediction horizon recedes. If the control inputs are defined by u := T m and W := F b /m, the MPC problem is formulated using (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8):…”

“…Imposing only h (p) (x, u, t) ≤ 0 whenever h(x, t) = 0 does not prevent the trajectory from violating h(x, t) ≤ 0 because it cannot guarantee that h (q) (x, t) ≤ 0 for q = 1, · · · , p−1. From this fact, tangency conditions, Ψ = [h (0) , h (1) , · · · , h (p−1) ] T = 0, must be added at the entry time [25]. Because the tangency conditions form interior-point constraints, the necessary optimality conditions are…”

“…For heavy-duty vehicles, the ACC can reduce inter-vehicle distance, thereby decreasing energy consumption due to the decrease in aerodynamic drag resistance. However, this energy saving benefit may not be achieved for personal CAVs because the ACC may result in sub-optimal speed profiles with aggressive acceleration/deceleration [1]. For this reason, optimization-based ecodriving functions, which try to maximize energy efficiency, have been recently added to ACC in CAVs.…”

Energy Consumption and Savings Analysis of a Phev in Real World Driving Through Vehicle Connectivity Using Vehicle Platooning, Blended Mode Operation and Engine Start-Stop Optimizers

“…A similar study to [24], is found in [25]. In this study, the NMPC model is applied to 2-vehicle platoon of Battery Electric Vehicles to minimize the energy consumption.…”

“…Another study [24], presents a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Controller based on nonlinear Model Predictive Control approach which optimizes the gap reduction between vehicles and velocity profile smoothing to minimize the energy consumption. Most CACCs try to follow a reference trajectory, but, in this literature a trade-off between following a reference trajectory rigorously and maintaining a less gap between vehicles are achieved.…”