“…One particularly reliable numerical approach for examining SSI issues is the finite element method. Researchers first simulated the unbounded domain of the soil mass, which stretches infinitely in one or both directions, using traditional finite element methods (Ai et al, 2014;Neto et al, 2021) . Many software programs, such as ROBOT, SAP2000, and others, place a high priority on structural analysis, often simplifying the contribution of foundations and subsoil with basic elastic spring constants.…”