Amplification of terahertz/infrared field at the nodes of Ranvier for myelinated nerve

Optical Modeling and Characterization of Demyelinated Nerve Using Graphene-Based Photonic Structure

“…Based on the influential role of the myelin sheath during neuronal activities, the potential to monitor the myelinated axon status-determining whether it is normal or defectivecan impressively affect the nervous system stimulation [18]. Employing electrical signals for nerve stimulation in the brain is very common; however, this method is inefficient for micro/nanoscale brain tissue because of incompatibility between wavelengths in kHz and sample size [19,20]. By focusing on deep brain stimulation, particular mechanisms have emerged which deal with the implications of light manipulations for neural communication applications -optogenetic [21], upconversion techniques [22,23], photon communication [24][25][26]-ranging from Terahertz (THz) to the optical frequencies [19,27].…”

“…By focusing on deep brain stimulation, particular mechanisms have emerged which deal with the implications of light manipulations for neural communication applications -optogenetic [21], upconversion techniques [22,23], photon communication [24][25][26]-ranging from Terahertz (THz) to the optical frequencies [19,27]. Modern optical techniques used to obtain a wavelength range corresponding to the thickness of myelin to virtualize a multilayer myelin nanostructure are being developed as part of breakthrough new knowledge in the field of neurophotonics [18][19][20]28].…”

A new viewpoint and model of neural signal generation and transmission: Signal transmission on unmyelinated neurons

“…, where in out , L L are the Lagrangian associated with the intracellular (external) electrolyte solution, respectively; the calculation of in out , L L is shown in Refs. [20][21][22]. in-out L is the Lagrangian of the interaction between the electrolyte solution inside and outside the cell.…”

“…In our previous work, we proposed several conjectures about the generation and transmission of neural signals [19] and discussed neural signal generation and transmission [20][21][22]. We have calculated that there is a quasi-electrostatic field of the order of MV/m in the nm-scale range on the neuron surface and the electrostatic field induces the formation of ordered structures on the surface of water molecules.…”

Theoretical Investigation on the Mechanism and Law of Broadband Terahertz Wave Detection Using Rydberg Quantum State

“…However, the frequency and photon energy of terahertz wave are higher than those of microwave, so to detect the THz, Rydberg atom needs to be excited to the energy level with lower main quantum number. In addition, the current terahertz beam can be divided into two categories: 1) pulse THz wave, which can cover the entire energy level range of Rydberg atomic transition with the energy level of millivolt [24], [25]. This is far lower than that of the volt level of microwave signal, so the detection device need to be very sensitive, and the requirements for environmental interference control is strict; 2) continuous THz wave, whose energy is higher, but their frequencies are discrete with narrow bandwidth.…”