Amphetamine Withdrawal: Affective State, Sleep Patterns, and MHPG Excretion

Watson, Robert; Hartmann, Ernest; Schildkraut, Joseph J.

doi:10.1176/ajp.129.3.263

Cited by 135 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The main point to mention was that depression symptoms in their studies disappeared within 7 to 14 days, but it took more than three weeks in the present study to eliminate the symptoms of depression completely especially in severe addicts. These findings were consistent with the results of previous studies in which long-term depression occurred after withdrawal from methamphetamine (31,32). Studies have also shown that methamphetamine-addicted patients were at higher risks for depression and suicide attempts (33).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Investigating the Trend and Severity of Withdrawal Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users Amongst Homeless Addicts

Khani

Barati

Mollajan

et al. 2018

Int J High Risk Behav Addict

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Background and Objectives: Determining the trend and severity of withdrawal symptoms is considered as the first stage of addiction treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the trend and severity of withdrawal symptoms in methamphetamine (meth) addicts. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all the clients admitted to quit methamphetamine abuse in a residential treatment center for homeless addicts in Alborz province in 2014. According to the average daily intake, the clients were divided into two groups: mild and severe. To collect the data for this study; methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms assessment scale, Beck depression inventory, and a demographic information questionnaire were used. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed for repeated measures through the SPSS software version 16 and at a significance level of 0.05. Results:The findings showed that methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms including anxiety, abuse craving, and fatigue in the first 24 hours and the first, the second, and the third weeks as well as the symptoms of depression within three weeks after the withdrawal began to decline significantly (P < 0.0001). Following the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated data and taking addiction severity index into account, it was observed that the difference between the two groups of mild and severe addicts was significant in terms of the trend and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms (P < 0.0001). Conclusions:The hardest stage to quit methamphetamine addiction was the first 24 hours after withdrawal with a downward trend; however, abuse craving especially in severe addicted group persisted even after the third week of withdrawal which could be a risk factor for recurrence and re-abuse. Thus, it was suggested that therapists were required to pay more attention to this issue in the treatment of this group of addicted individuals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Investigating the Trend and Severity of Withdrawal Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users Amongst Homeless Addicts

Khani

Barati

Mollajan

et al. 2018

Int J High Risk Behav Addict

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Early case reports have indicated that, initially, acute withdrawal features a period of increased sleep duration, particularly rapid eye movement sleep [86,88], from 3 to 8 days in duration [83,85]. Protracted insomnia following the period of hypersomnolence has been reported [83], but is not a consistent finding.…”

Section: Methamphetamine Withdrawal Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine

2009

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Aims To examine the literature regarding clinical pharmacokinetics, direct effects and adverse clinical outcomes associated with methamphetamine use. Methods Relevant literature was identified through a PubMed search. Additional literature was obtained from relevant books and monographs. Findings and conclusions The mean elimination half-life for methamphetamine is approximately 10 hours, with considerable inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics. Direct effects at low-to-moderate methamphetamine doses (5-30 mg) include arousal, positive mood, cardiac stimulation and acute improvement in cognitive domains such as attention and psychomotor coordination. At higher doses used typically by illicit users (Ն50 mg), methamphetamine can produce psychosis. Its hypertensive effect can produce a number of acute and chronic cardiovascular complications. Repeated use may induce neurotoxicity, associated with prolonged psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Abrupt cessation of repeated methamphetamine use leads to a withdrawal syndrome consisting of depressed mood, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Acute withdrawal lasts typically for 7-10 days, and residual symptoms associated with neurotoxicity may persist for several months.

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“…14,18 In contrast, amphetamine withdrawal can cause complete exhaustion, decreasing sleep latency and increasing total sleep time and REM rebound. 18,21,22 Patients testing positive for amphetamines in our MSLT and MWT studies had abnormally reduced mean sleep latencies that may have been influenced by amphetamine withdrawal. In addition, multiple SOREMPs observed in the MSLT patient testing positive for amphetamines may have also been a consequence of amphetamine withdrawal inducing REM rebound, although it is acknowledged that results from a single patient in our study does not provide conclusive evidence of this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Importance of Urinary Drug Screening in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test

Anniss

Young

O'Driscoll

2016

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Study Objectives: Multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT) and the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) are gold-standard objective tests of daytime sleepiness and alertness; however, there is marked variability in their interpretation and practice. This study aimed to determine the incidence of positive drug screens and their influence on MSLT, MWT, and polysomnographic variables. Methods: All patients attending Eastern Health Sleep Laboratory for MSLT or MWT over a 21-mo period were included in the study. Urinary drug screening for amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, methadone, and opiates was performed following overnight polysomnography (PSG). Demographics and PSG variables were compared. Results: Of 69 studies, MSLT (43) and MWT (26), 16% of patients had positive urinary drug screening (7 MSLT; 4 MWT). Drugs detected included amphetamines, cannabinoids, opiates, and benzodiazepines. No patient self-reported use of these medications prior to testing. No demographic, MSLT or MWT PSG data or overnight PSG data showed any statistical differences between positive and negative drug screen groups. Of seven MSLT patients testing positive for drug use, one met criteria for the diagnosis of narcolepsy and five for idiopathic hypersomnia. On MWT, three of the four drug-positive patients had a history of a motor vehicle accident and two patients were occupational drivers. Conclusions: These findings indicate drug use is present in patients attending for daytime testing of objective sleepiness and wakefulness. These data support routine urinary drug screening in all patients undergoing MSLT or MWT studies to ensure accurate interpretation in the context of illicit and prescription drug use. Keywords: excessive daytime sleepiness, hypersomnia, narcolepsy Citation: Anniss AM, Young A, O'Driscoll DM. Importance of urinary drug screening in the multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test.

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Amphetamine Withdrawal: Affective State, Sleep Patterns, and MHPG Excretion

Cited by 135 publications

References 21 publications

Investigating the Trend and Severity of Withdrawal Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users Amongst Homeless Addicts

Investigating the Trend and Severity of Withdrawal Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users Amongst Homeless Addicts

A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine

Importance of Urinary Drug Screening in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test

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