Ammonium Compounds

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Ammonium Nitrate 1.1. Physical and Chemical Properties 1.2. Production 1.2.1. From Ammonia and Nitric Acid 1.2.2. Conversion of Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate 1.3. Granulation 1.4. Grain Stabilization and Surface Treatment (Conditioning) 1.5. Transport Regulations 1.6. Safety 1.7. Uses 1.8. Economic Aspects 2. Ammonium Sulfate 2.1. Properties 2.2. Production 2.2.1. From Coke‐Oven Gas 2.2.2. From Ammonia and Sulfuric Acid 2.2.3. Coproduct in Organic Syntheses 2.2.4. From Gypsum 2.2.5. Other Processes 2.3. Granulation and Storage 2.4. Uses 2.5. Economic Aspects 3. Ammonium Chloride 3.1. Properties 3.2. Production 3.2.1. Modified Solvay (Ammonia ‐ Soda Ash) Process 3.2.2. Direct Reaction Between HCl and NH 3 3.2.3. Reaction of Reciprocal Pairs of Salts 3.3. Corrosion 3.4. Packaging, Storage, Shipping, and Handling 3.5. Uses 4. Ammonium Carbonates 4.1. Ammonium Hydrogencarbonate 4.2. Ammonium Carbamate 4.3. Ammonium Carbonate 4.4. Storage, Transport, and Handling 4.5. Uses 5. Toxicology and Occupational Health

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Harvesting from Human Urine Using a Stripping, Absorption, and Precipitation Process

“…Furthermore, there was about 10% of NH 4 -N loss during the drying/crystallization of the acid solution which is similar to the results presented by Basakçilardan-Kabakci et al This might be because some ammonium ions remain in the acid solution and they evaporate during the drying/crystallization process. In fact, if (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is already formed, N will not evaporate in this temperature . The loss of ammonia might have influenced the result of the total N content being only 13%.…”

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Harvesting from Human Urine Using a Stripping, Absorption, and Precipitation Process

“…Furthermore, there was about 10% of NH 4 -N loss during the drying/crystallization of the acid solution which is similar to the results presented by Basakçilardan-Kabakci et al This might be because some ammonium ions remain in the acid solution and they evaporate during the drying/crystallization process. In fact, if (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is already formed, N will not evaporate in this temperature . The loss of ammonia might have influenced the result of the total N content being only 13%.…”

Solubility and Growth Kinetics of Ammonium Bicarbonate in Aqueous Solution

“…The Arrhenius-type term was introduced to describe the temperature dependence of the growth rate. The consumption of solute from the liquid phase and the growth of the crystals are coupled by the material balance for BC where m w is the mass of water, m̂ BC is the molal concentration of BC, k v = π/6 is the shape factor, ρ c = 1586 kg m –3 is the density of the crystals, and M BC = 79.06 g mol –1 is the molar mass of BC. The analysis applies the simplifying assumption of a spherical particle geometry, which is not exactly true but seems reasonable for the observed particle morphology.…”

Influence of Soil Conditions on White Grub Infestations in Sugarcane in Northern Tanzania

“…Nitrogen (N) fertilisation can also modify alkaline soils. Ammonium sulphate (AS) is a source of N, inducing acidification of the soils, as opposed to urea, whose hydrolysis produces OH -and locally increases soil pH (Chien et al 2011;Zapp et al 2000). To our knowledge, AS price in Tanzania is comparable to the commonly used prilled urea.…”

“…2011; Zapp et al. 2000). To our knowledge, AS price in Tanzania is comparable to the commonly used prilled urea.…”

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Harvesting from Human Urine Using a Stripping, Absorption, and Precipitation Process

“…Furthermore, there was about 10% of NH 4 -N loss during the drying/crystallization of the acid solution which is similar to the results presented by Basakçilardan-Kabakci et al This might be because some ammonium ions remain in the acid solution and they evaporate during the drying/crystallization process. In fact, if (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is already formed, N will not evaporate in this temperature . The loss of ammonia might have influenced the result of the total N content being only 13%.…”

Solubility and Growth Kinetics of Ammonium Bicarbonate in Aqueous Solution

“…The Arrhenius-type term was introduced to describe the temperature dependence of the growth rate. The consumption of solute from the liquid phase and the growth of the crystals are coupled by the material balance for BC where m w is the mass of water, m̂ BC is the molal concentration of BC, k v = π/6 is the shape factor, ρ c = 1586 kg m –3 is the density of the crystals, and M BC = 79.06 g mol –1 is the molar mass of BC. The analysis applies the simplifying assumption of a spherical particle geometry, which is not exactly true but seems reasonable for the observed particle morphology.…”

Influence of Soil Conditions on White Grub Infestations in Sugarcane in Northern Tanzania

“…Nitrogen (N) fertilisation can also modify alkaline soils. Ammonium sulphate (AS) is a source of N, inducing acidification of the soils, as opposed to urea, whose hydrolysis produces OH -and locally increases soil pH (Chien et al 2011;Zapp et al 2000). To our knowledge, AS price in Tanzania is comparable to the commonly used prilled urea.…”

“…2011; Zapp et al. 2000). To our knowledge, AS price in Tanzania is comparable to the commonly used prilled urea.…”

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Harvesting from Human Urine Using a Stripping, Absorption, and Precipitation Process

“…Furthermore, there was about 10% of NH 4 -N loss during the drying/crystallization of the acid solution which is similar to the results presented by Basakçilardan-Kabakci et al This might be because some ammonium ions remain in the acid solution and they evaporate during the drying/crystallization process. In fact, if (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is already formed, N will not evaporate in this temperature . The loss of ammonia might have influenced the result of the total N content being only 13%.…”

Solubility and Growth Kinetics of Ammonium Bicarbonate in Aqueous Solution

“…The Arrhenius-type term was introduced to describe the temperature dependence of the growth rate. The consumption of solute from the liquid phase and the growth of the crystals are coupled by the material balance for BC where m w is the mass of water, m̂ BC is the molal concentration of BC, k v = π/6 is the shape factor, ρ c = 1586 kg m –3 is the density of the crystals, and M BC = 79.06 g mol –1 is the molar mass of BC. The analysis applies the simplifying assumption of a spherical particle geometry, which is not exactly true but seems reasonable for the observed particle morphology.…”

Influence of Soil Conditions on White Grub Infestations in Sugarcane in Northern Tanzania

“…Nitrogen (N) fertilisation can also modify alkaline soils. Ammonium sulphate (AS) is a source of N, inducing acidification of the soils, as opposed to urea, whose hydrolysis produces OH -and locally increases soil pH (Chien et al 2011;Zapp et al 2000). To our knowledge, AS price in Tanzania is comparable to the commonly used prilled urea.…”

“…2011; Zapp et al. 2000). To our knowledge, AS price in Tanzania is comparable to the commonly used prilled urea.…”