Ammonia-risk distribution by logistic subsystems and type of consequence

Sremac, Siniša; Nikola, Ziramov; Ilija, Tanackov; Stević, Željko; Ristić, Bojana

doi:10.1016/j.burns.2019.07.032

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Another study evaluated the distribution of ammonia risks based on logistics subsystems and outcome types, indicating that 65.23% of the people involved in the production subsystems were injured, with a majority suffering from respiratory injuries. This finding aligns with the Firuzabad incident, where individuals working in the production systems sustained more injuries, and those requiring long-term hospitalization had respiratory system damage [14]. In the study by [15] M o k a rram et al, the factors contributing to the concentration of ammonia in the Kor River in Iran were investigated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Investigating the Challenges of Ammonia Emission in Firuzabad Sodium Carbonate Factory Incident: A Case Study

Salehi,

Taj Sharififar

2023

HDQ

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Background: An ammonia gas explosion poses immediate health hazards such as respiratory tract burns, skin and eye irritation, and potential death within seconds. It also causes long-term negative impacts on biodiversity, affecting aquatic life and vegetation. An explosion in the Firuzabad sodium carbonate factory in Iran led to massive ammonia gas leakage and the poisoning of several employees. This study evaluates the risks of ammonia gas release caused by the explosion and the rescue team’s response in the same factory. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 2020 in Firuzabad City, Iran. The investigation was based on case reports and data analysis obtained via field observations, document reviews, interviews, and experiments. Technical and specialized information on explosion were analyzed by ALOHA software. Results: Based on data analysis, red, orange, and yellow zones around the explosion area were identified. The red zone had an ammonia emission range of 1.2 km with an explosive power of 10 kW, causing potential death in 60 seconds. Orange zone had a range of about 1.7 km, an explosive power of 5 kW, and the potential for second-degree burns and respiratory damage within 60 seconds of release. The yellow zone covered an area of about 3.3 km. Interviews and field observations provided information on the risk-based response process, response equipment, medical treatment, hazardous materials, handling and response equipment, personal protective equipment, mutual aid, and resource typing. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the immediate evacuation of the area, employment of the rapid warning system, the triage of the injured, the presence of an emergency operation plan to control hazardous and toxic materials disasters, the performance of the rapid response team and multi-specialty teams were among the existing challenges of the operation team. Background of this study confirms the potential hazards associated with ammonia gas emissions from explosions in sodium carbonate plants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Investigating the Challenges of Ammonia Emission in Firuzabad Sodium Carbonate Factory Incident: A Case Study

Salehi,

Taj Sharififar

2023

HDQ

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“…22 However, pure ammonia is hazardous and must be stored and handled under high pressure. 23,24 Consequently, due to the strict regulations of ammonia use, less toxic solid ammonium salt fertilizers have displaced pure ammonia in agricultural practices. 25…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways of ammonia electrooxidation on nickel hydroxide anodes and an alternative route towards recycled fertilizers

et al. 2022

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“…Pulmonary edema, laryngiris, tracheobronchitis, brochiolitis, bronchopneumonia adalah beberapa kasus yang terjadi akibat menghirup amonia secara akut 14 , kulit terbakar, sampai pada kebutaan dan kematian 15 . Ammonia yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku industry X, umumnya disimpan dalam volume yang sangat besar sehingga risiko pelepasan bahan kimia akibat kesalah manusia, kurangnya pelatihan, pengawasan dan inspeksi juga meningkat 13 .…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Analisis Kesiapsiagaan Bencana Teknologi dari Pabrik X pada Aspek Proyeksi Zona Bahaya

Novrikasari

Lestari

Sudiman

et al. 2022

Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia

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Latar belakang: Kegagalan teknologi dalam industri X tidak dapat dihindari terutama karena keadaan pabrik X dengan teknologi tua dan bahan kimia sebagai bahan baku produksi yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai bahaya seperti polusi industri hingga kebakaran sehingga diperlukan manajemen bencana teknologi yang strategis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis kesiapsiagaan bencana teknologi dari pabrik X pada aspek proyeksi zona bahaya.Metode: Penelitian survei dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian adalah 548 masyarakat yang termasuk dalam area risiko 0-2600 meter dari tangki penyimpanan amonia di sekitar pabrik X yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi penelitian. Data sekunder dari Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika Stasiun Meteorologi Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II untuk data meteorologi periode Januari – Desember digunakan untuk proyeksi zona bahaya. Analisis data menggunakan ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) yang di plot ke Google Earth dan Peta Administrasi Kota Palembang.Hasil: Hasil penelitian disajikan dalam distribusi frekuensi dan proyeksi zona bahaya disajikan dalam gambar yang sudah dipetakan dengan Google Earth. Analisis konsekuensi dari 4 skenario kasus terburuk ketika terjadi rupture tangki amonia, menjelaskan bahwa area risiko rupture di bawah tangki (skenario 2) 3 kali lebih luas dibanding rupture di atas tangki (skenario 1) untuk ukuran lubang diameter 1 cm. Area risiko heavy gas (skenario 4) 2 kali lebih luas dibanding dengan hasil prediksi model gaussian (skenario 3).Simpulan: Penyusunan manajemen evakuasi berdasarkan hasil proyeksi zona bahaya dan upaya pelatihan tanggap darurat yang lebih luas akan meningkatkan tingkat kesiapsiagaan masyarakat dan manajemen bencana. ABSTRACT Title: Analysis of Technological Disaster Preparedness from Fertilizer Factory on Hazard Zone Projection AspectBackground: Technological failure in the fertilizer industry is unavoidable mainly because of the state of the fertilizer factory with old technology and hazardous chemicals as production raw materials, so strategic technological disaster management is needed. This study aims to describe public knowledge regarding the dangers of ammonia gas dispersion and the preparation of hazard zone projections as an important input in disaster management of the technology.Method: Survey research with cross-sectional design. The research sample was 548 people who had met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Secondary data from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency of the Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Meteorological Station for meteorological data for the January – December period is used for hazard zone projections.Result: Research results are presented in frequency distribution and hazard zone projections are presented in images that have been mapped with Google Earth. Consequence analysis of the 4 worst case scenarios when an ammonia tank ruptures, explains that the risk area for rupture under the tank (scenario 2) is 3 times larger than that of rupture above the tank (scenario 1) for a hole size of 1 cm diameter. The risk area for heavy gas (scenario 4) is 2 times wider than the predicted result of the gaussian model (scenario 3).Conclusion: Preparation of evacuation management based on the results of hazard zone projections and wider emergency response training efforts will increase the level of community preparedness and disaster management

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Ammonia-risk distribution by logistic subsystems and type of consequence

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Investigating the Challenges of Ammonia Emission in Firuzabad Sodium Carbonate Factory Incident: A Case Study

Investigating the Challenges of Ammonia Emission in Firuzabad Sodium Carbonate Factory Incident: A Case Study

Pathways of ammonia electrooxidation on nickel hydroxide anodes and an alternative route towards recycled fertilizers

Analisis Kesiapsiagaan Bencana Teknologi dari Pabrik X pada Aspek Proyeksi Zona Bahaya

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