Aluminium doping – a cost effective and super-fast method for low temperature crystallization of TiO₂ nanotubes

Abstract

Superfast crystallization of TiO2 nanotubes at low energy budget (bath temperature starting from 2 °C).

Fabrication and Characterization of Type‐II Heterostructure n:In2O3/p:in‐TiO2 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

“…for each peak with diffraction angle 2θ, order of diffraction, n ¼ 1, and wavelength of X-rays, λ ¼ 1.5404 Å. Accurate values of lattice parameters are obtained from Nelson-Riley plots using the following equations [29] a ¼ λ 2 sin θ [23,24] This observation further suggests the formation of an additional phase of In 2 O 3 . Still, it does not give a clear picture of whether during second-stage anodization for metal doping, indium has been doped into the TONT lattice or has only resulted in the formation of In 2 O 3 phase on the TONT surface.…”

“…Optical measurements were conducted using UV-vis (Flame TUV XR1 ES) and near-infrared (NIR) (Flame NIR) diffuse reflectance spectrometer and electrical measurements using Keithley 2450 source meter with kickstart interface. [23,24] Photodegradation of the organic dye MB using the ITONTs was tested by immersing the samples in MB solution for different time durations (0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min) under visible light irradiation. The photodegradation percentage of MB was calculated by measuring the absorbance of the degraded MB solutions with a UV-vis spectrophotometer.…”

“…In the first stage, well‐ordered TONTs were fabricated by the conventional anodization process at different bath temperatures (2, 28, and 40 °C) with Ti foil as both anode and cathode, in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing 0.5 wt% NH 4 F and 2 vol% H 2 O. [ 6,23,24 ] The grown tubes were named TONT‐2, TONT‐28, and TONT‐40. In the second stage, after removing the surface‐deposited nanograss by ultrasonication, well‐characterized TONTs were immersed in 0.1 m indium sulfate dissolved in aqueous solution of ethanol as the electrolyte and doping was done by anodization, with TONT as the working electrode and Ti as the anode, with a potential of 50 V applied between the anode and cathode for a constant time of 5 s. The anodization time of 5 s was fixed because earlier on doping with Al, Cu, and Zn, we obtained appreciable doping within this time interval.…”

“…Optical measurements were conducted using UV–vis (Flame TUV XR1 ES) and near‐infrared (NIR) (Flame NIR) diffuse reflectance spectrometer and electrical measurements using Keithley 2450 source meter with kickstart interface. [ 23,24 ]…”

“…The corresponding FESEMs of undoped TONTs are published elsewhere. [23] 3. anatase phase (JCPDS 21-1272 [21,22] ). In addition to the anatase peaks, low intense reflection peaks are observed at %22.4 , 30.9 , and 42.3 in ITONTs.…”