Alternatives to the use of live animals in military medical trauma training

Galloway, David S.

doi:10.1037/e437462006-001

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(254 reference statements)

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“…In LTTT, animals are used in the training of physicians and paramedics in the treatment of severe traumatic injuries, including substantial blood loss. Typically, such training takes place in the so-called Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) animal laboratory (73), a facility that is widely used for training by the armed forces of NATO countries (18). The use of the ATLS animal laboratory follows strict protocols, and is closely monitored by certified veterinary and other appropriately-trained personnel.…”

Section: Live-tissue Trauma Training (Lttt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Anaesthetised Animal Models and Alternatives for Military Research, Testing and Training, with a Focus on Blast Damage, Haemorrhage and Resuscitation

Combes

2013

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Military research, testing, and surgical and resuscitation training, are aimed at mitigating the consequences of warfare and terrorism to armed forces and civilians. Traumatisation and tissue damage due to explosions, and acute loss of blood due to haemorrhage, remain crucial, potentially preventable, causes of battlefield casualties and mortalities. There is also the additional threat from inhalation of chemical and aerosolised biological weapons. The use of anaesthetised animal models, and their respective replacement alternatives, for military purposes — particularly for blast injury, haemorrhaging and resuscitation training — is critically reviewed. Scientific problems with the animal models include the use of crude, uncontrolled and non-standardised methods for traumatisation, an inability to model all key trauma mechanisms, and complex modulating effects of general anaesthesia on target organ physiology. Such effects depend on the anaesthetic and influence the cardiovascular system, respiration, breathing, cerebral haemodynamics, neuroprotection, and the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. Some anaesthetics also bind to the NMDA brain receptor with possible differential consequences in control and anaesthetised animals. There is also some evidence for gender-specific effects. Despite the fact that these issues are widely known, there is little published information on their potential, at best, to complicate data interpretation and, at worst, to invalidate animal models. There is also a paucity of detail on the anaesthesiology used in studies, and this can hinder correct data evaluation. Welfare issues relate mainly to the possibility of acute pain as a side-effect of traumatisation in recovered animals. Moreover, there is the increased potential for animals to suffer when anaesthesia is temporary, and the procedures invasive. These dilemmas can be addressed, however, as a diverse range of replacement approaches exist, including computer and mathematical dynamic modelling of the human body, cadavers, interactive human patient simulators for training, in vitro techniques involving organotypic cultures of target organs, and epidemiological and clinical studies. While the first four of these have long proven useful for developing protective measures and predicting the consequences of trauma, and although many phenomena and their sequelae arising from different forms of trauma in vivo can be induced and reproduced in vitro, non-animal approaches require further development, and their validation and use need to be coordinated and harmonised. Recommendations to these ends are proposed, and the scientific and welfare problems associated with animal models are addressed, with the future focus being on the use of batteries of complementary replacement methods deployed in integrated strategies, and on greater transparency and scientific cooperation.

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Section: Live-tissue Trauma Training (Lttt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Anaesthetised Animal Models and Alternatives for Military Research, Testing and Training, with a Focus on Blast Damage, Haemorrhage and Resuscitation

Combes

2013

Altern Lab Anim

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“…The use of live animals in medical training is increasingly difficult due to increased regulatory requirements [39] public pressure [40] public scrutiny [41], and legislative pressure to replace live animal trauma training with realistic alternatives [42]. Training with live animals can be associated with increased training cost [43].…”

Section: Live Animal Model Based Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerating development of simulation-based medical skill training programs : a comparative evaluation research study

Stephan¹

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Alternatives to the use of live animals in military medical trauma training

Cited by 2 publications

References 85 publications

A Critical Review of Anaesthetised Animal Models and Alternatives for Military Research, Testing and Training, with a Focus on Blast Damage, Haemorrhage and Resuscitation

A Critical Review of Anaesthetised Animal Models and Alternatives for Military Research, Testing and Training, with a Focus on Blast Damage, Haemorrhage and Resuscitation

Accelerating development of simulation-based medical skill training programs : a comparative evaluation research study

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