Alternative catalysts for VSS growth of silicon and germanium nanowires

Lensch-Falk, Jessica L.; Hemesath, Eric R.; Perea, Daniel E.; Lauhon, Lincoln J.

doi:10.1039/b817391e

Cited by 140 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…Ge nanowire diameters, with sub-20 nm dimensions, has been reported from solid metal seeds in sub-eutectic, VSS-like growth processes 14,20,26 . Sub-eutectic metal catalysts, such as Ni, Co, Pt, Fe, used for Si or Ge nanowire growth, have high melting points and are therefore resistant to pronounced surface diffusion during nanowire growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] The integration of semiconductor nanowires into device geometries 9 requires control over their morphology, dimensions, growth orientation, crystal phase and structural defects. Catalytic bottom-up approaches, such as vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) [10][11][12] , vapor-solid-solid (VSS) [13][14] , supercritical fluid-liquid-solid (SFLS) [15][16][17] techniques, are popular routes for growing high-aspect ratio one-dimensional nanostructures [18][19] , where nanowire diameters can be controlled by the dimension of the catalysts. 20 Control over nanowire diameters, in turn, facilitates regulation over their growth orientation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diameter-Controlled Germanium Nanowires with Lamellar Twinning and Polytypes

et al. 2015

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Type of publicationArticle (peer-reviewed) Link to publisher's versionhttp://pubs.acs.org/journal/cmatex http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00697Access to the full text of the published version may require a subscription. are appealing for use in nanowire devices. This paper details the influence of colloidal magnetite iron oxide nanoparticle seeds to regulate the radial dimension and twin boundary formation in Ge nanowires grown through a liquid-injection chemical vapor deposition process. Control over the mean nanowire diameter, even in the sub-10 nm regime, was achieved due to the minimal expansion and aggregation of iron oxide nanoparticles during the growth process. The uncommon occurrence of heterogeneously distributed multiple layer {111} twins, directed perpendicular to the nanowire growth axis, were also observed in <111>-directed Ge nanowires, especially those synthesized from patterned hemispherical Fe3O4 nanodot catalysts. Consecutive twin planes along <111>-oriented nanowires resulted in a local phase transformation from 3C diamond cubic to hexagonal 4H allotrope. Localized polytypic crystal phase heretostructures were formed along <111>-oriented Ge nanowire using magnetite nanodot catalysts. Rights

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diameter-Controlled Germanium Nanowires with Lamellar Twinning and Polytypes

et al. 2015

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“…We surmise that the platelets grow with a faceted dendritic mechanism known for larger crystals nucleated by titanium silicide catalyst islands. Silicon nanowires have most typically been grown using gold droplets to catalyze growth at the nanowire end facet via the vapor liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism, 1, 2 though a number of other catalysts have been studied, 3,4 in part to avoid the problems of the midgap states from the fast-diffusing gold impurity in silicon. 5 Titanium, deposited in thin layers and annealed to form titanium silicide islands, can catalyze silicon nanowires with a vapor-solid-solid (VSS) mechanism.…”

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confidence: 99%

Titanium catalyzed silicon nanowires and nanoplatelets

et al. 2013

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Silicon nanowires, nanoplatelets, and other morphologies resulted from silicon growth catalyzed by thin titanium layers. The nanowires have diameters down to 5 nm and lengths to tens of micrometers. The two-dimensional platelets, in some instances with filigreed, snow flake-like shapes, had thicknesses down to the 10 nm scale and spans to several micrometers. These platelets grew in a narrow temperature range around 900 celsius, apparently representing a new silicon crystallite morphology at this length scale. We surmise that the platelets grow with a faceted dendritic mechanism known for larger crystals nucleated by titanium silicide catalyst islands

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“…It was previously reported that silicide could be employed as a catalyst for Si nanowire growth. [6][7][8] The direction of the Si nanowire is Si[111] as shown in Fig. 4(b 47 , is not identified in detail.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternative catalysts for vapor-solid-solid (VSS) growth have been proposed with advantages such as reduced growth temperature, lower levels of undesired impurity doping, and the formation of an abrupt heterointerface. 6,7 Various types of metal catalysts have been employed for VSS growth. However, it should be noted that the resulting nanowire products were strongly faceted, such as for example, in the case of Pd catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape modification of Si nanowires by using faceted silicide catalysts nucleated in Au-Si catalyst solution during the growth

Meng

Nakane

et al. 2013

AIP Advances

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The shape modification of Si nanowires is demonstrated using faceted solid silicide catalysts. The Si nanowires were grown on Si(111) substrates covered with Au as a catalyst using MnCl2 and Si powders as source materials. The solid silicide catalysts were nucleated and formed in the Au-Si catalyst solution at the top of the nanowires during the growth. The faceted solid silicides grew larger with increased growth time and played a role as a solid catalyst. The faceted shape of the catalyst defines the shape of the faceted Si nanowire. The squared Si nanowires were grown with the growth direction of Si[111] and the sidewalls of {110} and {211} planes. The growth evolution of the faceted Si nanowires occurs by a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism followed by the silicide vapor-solid-solid mechanism

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Alternative catalysts for VSS growth of silicon and germanium nanowires

Cited by 140 publications

References 61 publications

Diameter-Controlled Germanium Nanowires with Lamellar Twinning and Polytypes

Diameter-Controlled Germanium Nanowires with Lamellar Twinning and Polytypes

Titanium catalyzed silicon nanowires and nanoplatelets

Shape modification of Si nanowires by using faceted silicide catalysts nucleated in Au-Si catalyst solution during the growth

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