Alternative antifouling biocides

Abstract

In response to increasing scientific evidence on the toxicity and occurrence of organotin residues from antifouling paints in the aquatic environment, the use of triorganotin antifouling products was banned on boats of less than 25 m length in many countries during 1987. The use of tributyltin (TBT) products on small boats was superseded by products based on copper, containing organic booster biocides to improve the efficacy of the formulation. Available information and evidence on the occurrence, fate and toxicity of these biocides is reviewed. It is concluded that increased copper concentrations in the aquatic environment, due to the increased use of copper‐based antifoulants, do not have significant effects on marine ecosystems. However, lack of validated analytical methods, limited monitoring data, and very little information about the fate and toxicity of the booster biocides in the aquatic environment, make accurate risk assessments in relation to these compounds difficult. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tailoring the Tribocorrosion and Antifouling Performance of (Cr, Cu)-GLC Coatings for Marine Application

“…It can be seen from the figure that the algae density of the coating is reduced from about 565/mm 2 for the S1 coating to 305/mm 2 for the S2 coating after incorporating the Cu element. This is mainly due to the toxicity of copper ions, which can inhibit cell division and photosynthesis of algae. − As the amount of Cu and Cr doping increases, the algae density gradually decreases to about 70/mm 2 for the S4 coating, which is about 8 times lower than the S1 coating. Therefore, the (Cr, Cu)-GLC coatings with higher Cu content exhibited more pronounced antifouling performance.…”

Biofouling Growth in Cold Estuarine Waters and Evaluation of Some Chitosan and Copper Anti-Fouling Paints

“…Diatoms dominating in the microfouling biofilm are known to be highly resistant to copper antifouling paints [ 30 ], but not to organic biocides added to inhibit the growth of resistant algae such as Enteromorpha spp., Ectocarpus spp., and Achnanthes spp. [ 31 ]. Moreover, Sea-Nine® 211 is claimed to have a broad spectrum activity against diatoms, algae, barnacles, tubeworms, hydroids, bryozoans and tunicates [ 32 ].…”

Preparation of a colored conductive paint electrode for electrochemical inactivation of bacteria

“…When submerged, antifouling paints release toxic compounds at levels (4 g/cm 2 of surface per day) that can cause adverse environmental effects (Iwata et al, 1995;Ponasik et al, 1998). In response to increasing scientific evidence on the toxicity and occurrence of organotin residues from antifouling paints in the aquatic environment, the application of triorganotin antifouling paints on boats of <25 m in length has, since 1987, been banned in many countries (Voulvoulis et al, 1999).…”