“…Recently, Guo et al [52] develop a new stochastic primal-dual method for solving non-convex strongly concave min-max problems under the smoothness assumption of 𝐹 (w, 𝛼). They address the issue of large mini-batch size requirement in [15,88]. The key improvement lies at using moving average to compute the estimator u 𝑡 +1 , i.e., u 𝑡 +1 = (1 − 𝛽 1,𝑡 )u 𝑡 + 𝛽 1,𝑡 O w (w 𝑡 , 𝛼 𝑡 ), and simply use v 𝑡 +1 = O 𝛼 (w 𝑡 , 𝛼 𝑡 ; z 𝑡 ), where O w and O 𝛼 denote an unbiased stochastic estimator of ∇ w 𝐹 (w, 𝛼) and ∇ 𝛼 𝐹 (w, 𝛼), respectively.…”