Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Triggers the Development of Periodontal Disease in Rats

Abstract

BackgroundPeriodontal disease in diabetic patients presents higher severity and prevalence; and increased severity of ligature-induced periodontal disease has been verified in diabetic rats. However, in absence of aggressive stimuli such as ligatures, the influence of diabetes on rat periodontal tissues is incompletely explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the establishment and progression of periodontal diseases in rats only with diabetes induction.Methodology/Principal FindingsDiabetes was induced in Wistar rats (n = 25) by intravenous administration of alloxan (42 mg/kg) and were analyzed at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after diabetes induction. The hemimandibles were removed and submitted to radiographical and histopathological procedures. A significant reduction was observed in height of bone crest in diabetic animals at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, which was associated with increased numbers of osteoclasts and inflammatory cells. The histopathological analyses of diabetic rats also showed a reduction in density of collagen fibers, fibroblasts and blood vessels. Severe caries were also detected in the diabetic group.Conclusions/SignificanceThe results demonstrate that diabetes induction triggers, or even co-induces the onset of alterations which are typical of periodontal diseases even in the absence of aggressive factors such as ligatures. Therefore, diabetes induction renders a previously resistant host into a susceptible phenotype, and hence diabetes can be considered a very important risk factor to the development of periodontal disease.

Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity and Visceral Organs and Body Weights of Diabetic Rats Administered Single and Combinatorial Herbal Formulations

“…41,42,43 Elevated serum LDH activity is a reliable clinical indicator of organ injuries, especially those adversely affected by DM pathology and chemical toxicity, namely, the heart, liver and muscle. 9,10,11 The relatively raised level of serum LDH activity was obvious indication of systemic toxicity occasioned by tissue necrosis as exemplified in alloxan-induced DM rat (Group 2; DIAB). In clinical diagnosis, LDH activity is relatively low in serum in absence of cellular injuries, whereas raised level of serum LDH activity is a reflection of tissue infarction and/ or necrosis.…”

“…In clinical diagnosis, LDH activity is relatively low in serum in absence of cellular injuries, whereas raised level of serum LDH activity is a reflection of tissue infarction and/ or necrosis. 9,10,11 and parallels the number of necrotic cells. 46 Previous reports have shown that RONS mediated tissue necrosis, as a result of alloxan/streptozotocin intoxication in concert with the pathophysiology of DM, contributed to organ injuries and was a reflection of raised levels of serum LDH activity in DM rats.…”

“…1,6,7,8 Accordingly, mild elevation in serum LDH activity has been reported in cases of haemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, pulmonary infarction, hepatitis, nephritic syndrome and cirrhosis. 9,10,11 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is multi-faceted endocrine disorder associated with array of metabolic syndromes such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and impaired nitrogen balance. 12,13 A major detrimental outcome of these metabolic disorders is the generation of overwhelming cellular levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which often results in tissue and organ damage.…”

Periodontal Disease-Associated Compensatory Expression of Osteoprotegerin Is Lost in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Correlates with Alveolar Bone Destruction by Regulating Osteoclastogenesis

“…According to Claudino et al [2007], alveolar bone loss was radiographically detectable in alloxan-induced diabetic rats only 3 months after the onset of DM1. In this study, the animals had had confirmed DM1 for at least 2 weeks before the beginning of the experiments (time zero), so that maximum exposure to DM1 was 45 days.…”

Periodontitis and arthritis interaction in mice involves a shared hyper-inflammatory genotype and functional immunological interferences

“…Similarly, alloxan-induced diabetes in rats triggers, or co-induces, the onset of alterations that are typical of periodontal diseases even in the absence of aggressive factors such as ligatures or inoculation of classic periodontopathogens. 53 In this context, it is important to consider that experimental arthritis development does not alter the pattern of periodontal infection (the A. actinomycetemcomitans and overall bacterial loaddata not shown), ruling out the possible increased responsiveness because of an increased microbial challenge. Indeed, as earlier discussed, clinical studies show that RA/PD interaction is only partially dependent on oral hygiene status and the control of oral flora.…”