Allergic diseases in German competitive athletes: results of a cross-sectional study

Dornquast, Christina; Rotter, Gabriele; Schollbach, Lisa; Binting, Sylvia; Scherr, Johannes; Pfab, Florian; Brinkhaus, Benno

doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13825-9

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

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“…It could also potentially be useful in classification of athletes' use of pharmaceuticals. Various studies have examined the use of pharmaceuticals in sports ( 8 – 10 ), within different sport disciplines ( 11 – 13 ), nationalities ( 14 , 15 ), age groups ( 16 ), during major sports events ( 14 , 17 , 18 ) or with focus on specific pharmacological classes, e.g., analgesics ( 19 – 21 ), antibiotics ( 22 , 23 ), anti-asthmatics ( 24 ), allergy medication ( 25 ) and decongestants ( 26 ). A challenge with the existing literature is the use of different methodologies to map and study the use of pharmaceuticals, making comparisons difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of pharmaceuticals amongst athletes tested by Anti-Doping Norway in a five-year period

Gjelstad,

Herlofsen,

Bjerke

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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IntroductionThe aim of the study was to map the use of pharmaceuticals by Norwegian athletes registered on doping control forms (DCFs) in a five-year period to examine general and some class specific use of pharmaceuticals across sports and athlete levels.MethodAnonymous data from DCFs collected in 2015-2019 were manually entered into a database using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system for classification of the pharmaceuticals. Variables entered were year of control, gender, age group, athlete level, sport, test type, nationality, and pharmaceuticals (and dietary supplements) used.ResultsPain killers in the ATC groups M01 A (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - NSAIDs) and N02 B (other analgesics), and anti-asthmatics in ATC groups R03 A and R03 B were the most frequently used pharmaceuticals. National level athletes reported more use of pharmaceuticals (1.4 ± 1.7 pharmaceuticals per form) than recreational level athletes (0.9 ± 1.2). The highest proportion of DCFs containing information about at least one pharmaceutical were found in speed skating (79.1%), alpine skiing (74.0%), rowing (72.4%) and cross-country skiing (71.7%). Painkillers were most frequently used in muscular endurance sports (30.4% and 21.2 % for M01A and N02 B, respectively) and ball and team sports (17.9% and 17.0%). Use of hypnotics was reported from ice-hockey players and alpine skiers in around 8% of the cases.CoclusionUse of anti-asthmatics was most often reported amongst athletes specially exposed to cold, chemicals and heavy endurance training. Athletes in specialized sports requiring high levels of strength and/or endurance reported a higher use of pharmaceuticals out-of-competition compared to in-competition, while there was no such difference in complex sports, such as team, gymnastic, aiming and combat sports.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of pharmaceuticals amongst athletes tested by Anti-Doping Norway in a five-year period

Gjelstad,

Herlofsen,

Bjerke

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Epithelial barrier theory in the context of nutrition and environmental exposure in athletes

Kistler,

Villiger,

Villiger

et al. 2024

Allergy

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Exposure to toxic substances, introduced into our daily lives during industrialization and modernization, can disrupt the epithelial barriers in the skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, leading to microbial dysbiosis and inflammation. Athletes and physically active individuals are at increased risk of exposure to agents that damage the epithelial barriers and microbiome, and their extreme physical exercise exerts stress on many organs, resulting in tissue damage and inflammation. Epithelial barrier‐damaging substances include surfactants and enzymes in cleaning products, laundry and dishwasher detergents, chlorine in swimming pools, microplastics, air pollutants such as ozone, particulate matter, and diesel exhaust. Athletes' high‐calorie diet often relies on processed foods that may contain food emulsifiers and other additives that may cause epithelial barrier dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis. The type of the material used in the sport equipment and clothing and their extensive exposure may increase the inflammatory effects. Excessive travel‐related stress, sleep disturbances and different food and microbe exposure may represent additional factors. Here, we review the detrimental impact of toxic agents on epithelial barriers and microbiome; bring a new perspective on the factors affecting the health and performance of athletes and physically active individuals.

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Allergic diseases in German competitive athletes: results of a cross-sectional study

Cited by 2 publications

References 22 publications

Use of pharmaceuticals amongst athletes tested by Anti-Doping Norway in a five-year period

Use of pharmaceuticals amongst athletes tested by Anti-Doping Norway in a five-year period

Epithelial barrier theory in the context of nutrition and environmental exposure in athletes

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