Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis due to fungi other thanAspergillus: a global overview

Abstract

Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) is a hypersensitivity-mediated disease of worldwide distribution. We reviewed 143 reported global cases of ABPM due to fungi other than aspergilli. The commonest etiologic agent was Candida albicans, reported in 60% of the cases, followed by Bipolaris species (13%), Schizophyllum commune (11%), Curvularia species (8%), Pseudallescheria boydii species complex (3%) and rarely, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium vasinfectum, Penicillium species, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Stemphylium languinosum, Rhizopus oryzae, C. glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichosporon beigelii. India accounted for about 47% of the globally reported cases of ABPM, attributed predominantly to C. albicans, followed by Japan (16%) where S. commune predominates, and the remaining one-third from the USA, Australia and Europe. Notably, bronchial asthma was present in only 32% of ABPM cases whereas its association with development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is known to be much more frequent. The cases reviewed herein revealed a median IgE value threefold higher than that of ABPA, suggesting that the etiologic agents of ABPM incite a stronger immunological response than that by aspergilli in ABPA. ABPM is currently underdiagnosed, warranting comprehensive basic and clinical studies in order to elucidate its epidemiology and to devise a more effective therapy.

Clinical Significance and Molecular Characterization of Nonsporulating Molds Isolated from the Respiratory Tracts of Bronchopulmonary Mycosis Patients with Special Reference to Basidiomycetes

“…In the present study, precipitating antibodies against the colonizing mold were demonstrated for 41% of patients by the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion method. Although immunoprecipitation testing remains the standard approach for diagnosing previous or continued exposure/sensitization to mold antigens, it fails to differentiate between previous exposure and the cause of disease (30)(31)(32). Antifungal therapy could reduce the effects of antigen exposure by eradicating the colonizing mold (29,32).…”

“…Although immunoprecipitation testing remains the standard approach for diagnosing previous or continued exposure/sensitization to mold antigens, it fails to differentiate between previous exposure and the cause of disease (30)(31)(32). Antifungal therapy could reduce the effects of antigen exposure by eradicating the colonizing mold (29,32). Recently, the efficacy of antifungal drugs for treatment of atopic cough, fungusassociated chronic cough, and allergic fungal cough induced by basidiomycetous fungi has been reported (28,29,33,34).…”

Exophiala pisciphila: a novel cause of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis

“…Most cases were reported in India (47%) followed by Japan. The median IgE value was threefold higher than that of ABPA, indicating that these fungi may elicit a stronger immunological response than Aspergillus (20).…”

Preliminary Study of Fourteen AIDS-Associated Lung Complications from Imaging,Pathology and Microbiology

“…Patients manifested a serious of symptoms such as chills, fever, asthma, cough, mucus sputum, hemoptysis and chest pain in the clinical. Type of allergy can cause breathing difficulties and asthma [18]. Results of X-ray examination showed infiltration of lung, lesions of cavity, round shadow with clear border which can drift with movement of body position.…”

“…Infected vessels of lung can cause formation of thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarction. Therefore, ground-glass-like changes, nodules and cavity with inserted nodules are widely fund, but cavity without inserted nodule is seldom observed in clinical [18,19].…”