Allantoin as a Marker of Oxidative Stress: Inter- and Intraindividual Variability in Urinary Concentrations in Healthy Individuals

Abstract

Altered systemic oxidative stress is a consequence of environmental exposures and diseases, among other stress factors. The extent of oxidative stress in humans is assessed through the analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs) in biospecimens such as urine. Allantoin is an OSB, a specific product of the oxidation of uric acid, that is measurable in urine. In this study, concentrations and inter-and intraindividual variability in urinary concentrations of allantoin were determined in healthy individuals. The results were compared with those found for other OSBs of lipids, proteins, and DNA in the same set of samples. Allantoin was found in all urine samples (N = 515), at concentrations that ranged from 0.88 to 41.7 mmol mol −1 creatinine (0.90 to 112 μg mL −1 urine). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of urinary allantoin measured in samples collected longitudinally for over a month from 19 individuals (0.74 for creatinine corrected and 0.80 for volumetric concentrations) showed an excellent reliability and notable interindividual variability. Among eight biomarkers measured in the same set of urine samples, allantoin was the predominant one, and it was positively and significantly correlated with urinary creatinine and other OSBs of lipids, proteins, and DNA. We suggest that urinary allantoin is a suitable biomarker of oxidative stress because of its requirement for simple and rapid analysis and long-term reliability/reproducibility as determined by high ICC values.

Salivary metabolic signatures of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized for treatment

“…A key finding in this study is that salivary allantoin was shown to be a potential indicator of IMT and cardiometabolic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Allantoin, produced by oxidation of urate, has been proposed as a biomarker for oxidative stress ( Martinez-Moral and Kannan, 2019 ), while other studies have shown that urinary excretion of allantoin is correlated with atherosclerosis extension in mice ( Li et al, 2015 ) and plasma allantoin is correlated with carotid atherosclerosis in humans ( Santana et al, 2018 ). This is the first investigation to find an association between carotid atherosclerosis and salivary allantoin.…”

Non-Targeted Dried Blood Spot-Based Metabolomics Analysis Showed Rice Bran Supplementation Effects Multiple Metabolic Pathways during Infant Weaning and Growth in Mali

“…The MSRA for pantothenate in rice bran-fed infants was similar throughout the study months, whereas control infants showed fluctuations. For pyridoxine, the MSRA in rice bran-fed infants steadily Hypoxanthine and xanthine are precursors of uric acid, a powerful antioxidant, and allantoin is a product of uric acid oxidation and an oxidative stress biomarker [38]. Compared to control infants, hypoxanthine and xanthine MSRA were higher in rice bran-fed infants from months 7 to 10.…”

Decreased serum uric acid in patients with traumatic brain injury or after cerebral tumor surgery

“…Allantoin was quantified using LC-MS/ MS as described )Agilent 1200 series HPLC system and Agilent G6460, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA(. 11 Each 50 μl aliquot of urine was added to 50 μl 1 μg/ml Allantoin- 13 77)59( 52.5)57( 0.0251 Continuous data are mean±SD, median )IQR(. *P-value for patients between three groups.…”

“…[25][26][27][28] Among these products, allantoin is the most stable product and is considered a good oxidative reactions biomarker in the human body. 11 In this study, we examined allantoin production. Both 24-hour excretion of allantoin and allantoin/UCr were significantly decreased in patients with TBI after normalization with urine creatine to minimize renal secretion effects.…”