Alkaline Sulfite Anthraquinone and Methanol (ASAM) Pulping Process of Tropical Bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii)

Abstract

This chapter explores the characteristic potentials of alkaline sulfite anthraquinone and methanol (ASAM) pulping of bamboo culms (Gigantochloa scortechinii) in the industrial production of pulp and paper for packaging. The biometric characterization results of the bamboo culms show that bamboo has fiber length of 1980-4000 μm, Runkel ratio of 0.86, and flexibility ratio of 50.19, while the chemical compositions of the bamboo contain 47.67% cellulose, 68.33% holocellulose, 26% lignin, and 3.69% solvent extractive, which give good paper quality fiber and also falls within the range of wood from softwoods species. The study revealed that the optimum ASAM pulping parameters was at 16% NaOH and 90 min cooking time, resulting in Kappa number of 14.17 and pulp yield of 49.06%, while the paper tensile index of 20.86 Nm/g, tear index of 22.64 mN.m2/g, and brightness of 39.32% were obtained. The biometric and chemical characterizations of the ASAM pulped bamboo have shown that ASAM pulped bamboo produces high-quality pulp and paper suitable for packaging and printing paper. Hence, the use of bamboo materials can reduce the burden on the forest, due to the increasing demand for paper and paper products, while supporting the natural biodiversity.

Ensuring Sustainability of Polio Immunization in Health System Transition: Lessons from the Polio Eradication Initiative in Indonesia

“…Establishing immunization policy and legislation for a standard of service delivery is also essential to build a strong immunization program (24). Moreover, during the transition, more private healthcare facilities were established, thus private providers developed higher prominence than those from the public sector.…”

Techno-functional Properties of Edible Packaging Films at Different Polysaccharide Blends

“…As highlighted in Figure 3 and Table 3, the pure seaweed film SE showed its main absorption bands at 1219 cm -1 , 920 cm -1 and 845 cm -1 that correspond to the S=O bond of the sulphate ester, C=O and C-C bond vibrations of 3,6-anhydrogalactose, and also the stretching of D-galactose-4-sulfate, respectively. 37,38 As mentioned in the literature, the difference in the content of these sulphated polysaccharides compounds in SE component affects the properties of seaweed in terms of gelling ability, solubility, melting temperature, setting and texture. 7,39 Thus, it can be deduced that varying the seaweed concentration in this study obliquely affected the properties of the composite films, as the content of the polysaccharide compounds that exist in seaweed component also differed.…”

Assessment of Environmental Impact for Air-Conditioning Systems in Japan Using HFC Based Refrigerants

“…The air-conditioning systems have a significant impact on the residential and commercial usages for space heating and cooling requirements all over the year [1][2][3] . The refrigerants used in the air-conditioning systems predominantly contribute to direct and indirect global warming impact 2,4,5) . The appropriate choice of the refrigerant is crucial for a minimum contribution to global warming.…”

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