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Cited by 145 publications
(126 citation statements)
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References 54 publications
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“…Stable carbon isotope ratios in human bone hydroxyapatite (or apatite, δ 13 C ap ), on the other hand, reflect the total diet including carbohydrates and lipids as well as protein and thus can be used to assess non-protein sources in the diet, particularly plant consumption (Ambrose and Norr, 1993;Schwarcz, 2000;Kellner and Schoeninger, 2007;Fernandes et al, 2014). Estimates of carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bone apatite range from 9.5 to 13‰ (Howland et al, 2003;Tykot et al, 2009;Warinner and Tuross, 2009;Fernandes et al, 2012); we adopt an offset of 10‰ (Fernandes et al, 2012). Our overall conclusions would not change substantially if a different value in this range were used.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Stable carbon isotope ratios in human bone hydroxyapatite (or apatite, δ 13 C ap ), on the other hand, reflect the total diet including carbohydrates and lipids as well as protein and thus can be used to assess non-protein sources in the diet, particularly plant consumption (Ambrose and Norr, 1993;Schwarcz, 2000;Kellner and Schoeninger, 2007;Fernandes et al, 2014). Estimates of carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bone apatite range from 9.5 to 13‰ (Howland et al, 2003;Tykot et al, 2009;Warinner and Tuross, 2009;Fernandes et al, 2012); we adopt an offset of 10‰ (Fernandes et al, 2012). Our overall conclusions would not change substantially if a different value in this range were used.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There is some debate concerning whether δ 13 C ap measurements in enamel and bone carbonate (bioapatite) are directly comparable, with some experiments suggesting an offset of ca. + 2.3‰ for enamel compared to bone (Warinner and Tuross 2009). Other studies, however, have not found this offset (Loftus and Sealy 2012), nor is there any theoretical reason that the two tissues should differ in this respect (Lee-Thorp et al 1989), and so its applicability remains uncertain.…”
Section: Stable Isotope Analysis and Past Dietsmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…Given the expected predominance of C 3 cereals, especially wheat, and the presumed secondary but important contribution of olives, nuts and fruits-all C 3 plants-in medieval Islamic diets, the high level of C 4 consumption inferred from the enamel measurements is perhaps surprising. Even assuming that there is indeed a bone-enamel offset of + 2.3‰ as proposed by Warinner and Tuross (2009), the C 4 energy contribution would still be significant, although it would be reduced to O-depleted, raising the possibility of origins in the mountains of southeast (cf. Guede et al 2017: Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The offset (fractionation) factor in δ 13 C ap was stipulated as 10.1 ± 0.4 ‰ (Fernandes et al 2012). Finally, for δ 15 N, we employed a trophic fractionation value of 3.6 ± 1.2 ‰, as recommended by several experimental studies of omnivorous animals (Ambrose et al 2000;DeNiro and Epstein 1981;Hare et al 1991;Howland et al 2003;Sponheimer et al 2003;Warinner and Tuross 2009).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%